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  3. Every culture attempts to create a “universe of discourse” for its members, a way in which people can interpret their experience

Every culture attempts to create a “universe of discourse” for its members, a way in which people can interpret their experience

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问题     Every culture attempts to create a “universe of discourse” for its members, a way in which people can interpret their experience and convey it to one another. Without a common system of codifying sensations, life would be absurd and all efforts to share meanings doomed to failure. This universe of discourse — one of the most precious of all cultural legacies — is transmitted to each generation in part consciously and in part unconsciously. Parents and teachers give explicit instruction in it by praising or criticizing certain ways of dressing, of thinking, of gesturing, of responding to the acts of others. But the most significant aspects of any cultural code may be conveyed implicitly, not by rule or lesson but through modeling behavior. A child is surrounded by others who, through the mere consistency of their actions as males and females, mothers and fathers, salesclerks and policemen, display what is appropriate behavior. Thus the grammar of any culture is sent and received largely unconsciously, making one’s own cultural assumptions and biases difficult to recognize. They seem so obviously right that they require no explanation.
    In The Open and Closed Mind, Milton Rokeach poses the problem of cultural understanding in its simplest form, but one that can readily demonstrate the complication of communication between cultures. It is called the “Denny Doodlebug Problem”. Readers are given all the rules that govern this culture: Denny is an animal that always faces North, and can move only by jumping; he can jump large distances or small distances, but can change direction only after jumping four times in any direction; he can jump North, South, East or West, but not diagonally. Upon concluding a jump his master places some food three feet directly west of him. Surveying the situation, Denny concludes he must jump four times to reach the food. No more or less. And he is right. All the reader has to do is to explain the circumstances that make his conclusion correct.
    The large majority of people who attempt this problem fail to solve it, despite the fact that they are given all the rules that control behavior in this culture. If there is difficulty in getting inside the simplistic world of Denny Doodlebug — where the cultural code has already been broken and handed to us — imagine the complexity of comprehending behavior in societies whose codes have not yet been deciphered, and where even those who obey these codes are only vaguely aware and can rarely describe the underlying sources of their own actions.
What does “the grammar of any culture” refer to in the first paragraph?
选项 A、The grammatical rules in the language used by the largest population in a culture.
B、Rules in a culture that can be modeled on by another culture.
C、Any rules that people in a culture receive throughout his life time.
D、Rules and codes that shape one’s cultural perspective and behavior.
答案D
解析 事实细节题。在原文中找到题干所提到的句子，本句开头的thus一词可以给我们提供线索。Thus“因此”是对上文所作解释的一个总结。所以，句子的内容也就是对前面所介绍或论证内容的总结。前文一直在讨论的都是cultural code及其传递的方式，而且还以孩子成长的环境为例进行了论证。由此可知，这里的the grammar of any culture也就是指cultural code，故[D]为答案。[A]和[E]两项均是从grammar的字面意思进行的解释，在这里grammar不再指“语法”，而是引申为“规则”。[C]意思接近，但不全面。因为这些 rules不仅是人们所接触到的，而且是塑造人们行为的。
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