2. 外语
  3. Seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke stated that as much as 99 percent of the value of any useful product can be attribute

Seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke stated that as much as 99 percent of the value of any useful product can be attribute

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问题 Seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke stated that as much as 99 percent of the value of any useful product can be attributed to "the effects of labor." For Locke’s intellectual heirs it was only a short step to the "labor theory of value," whose formulators held that 100 percent of the value of any product is generated by labor (the human work needed to produce goods) and that therefore the employer who appropriates any part of the product’s value as profit is practicing theft.
Although human effort is required to produce goods for the consumer market, effort is also invested in making capital goods (tools, machines, etc.), which are used to facilitate the production of consumer goods. In modern economies about one-third of the total output of consumer goods is attributable to the use of capital goods. Approximately two-thirds of the income derived from this total output is paid out to workers as wages and salaries, the remaining third serving as compensation to the owners of the capital goods. Moreover, part of this remaining third is received by workers who are shareholders, pension beneficiaries, and the like. The labor theory of value systematically disregards the productive contribution of capital goods—a failing for which Locke must bear part of the blame.
The author of the passage implies which of the following regarding the formulators of the labor theory of value?
选项 A、They came from a working-class background.
B、Their views were too radical to have popular appeal.
C、At least one of them was a close contemporary of Locke.
D、They were familiar with Locke’s views on the relationship between labor and the value of products.
E、They underestimated the importance of consumer goods in a modern economy.
答案D
解析 Inference
The question asks us to identify an inference that can be made regarding the people who formulated the labor theory of value.
A Although it is plausible that the formulators of the theory may have been sympathetic with the interests of people who may be described as working class, there is no indication that the author of the passage actually has a working-class background
B Although at least some proponents of the theory have been considered radical, there is nothing in the passage that indicates this, or indicates whether or not the theory had popular appeal.
C The "short step," mentioned in the passage, from Locke’s theory of value to the labor theory of value, could seem to indicate a short step in time, whereby at least one of the formulators of the theory would be a rough contemporary of Locke. However, this would be an incorrect reading. Rather than a "step" in time, the "short step" in the passage refers to a logical step, whereby it would be a "short step" from one theory to another that resembles it in fundamental respects.
D Correct. The passage strongly suggests that the formulators of the labor theory of value were influenced by Locke’s views in certain fundamental respects. This indicates that the formulators would likely have been familiar with these views.
E Although the author of the passage suggests that proponents of the labor theory of value may have significantly underestimated the importance of capital goods in the economy, no such suggestion is made about the importance of consumer goods.
The correct answer is D.
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