首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior. Psychologists have adopted sever
When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior. Psychologists have adopted sever
admin
2017-06-11
33
问题
When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior. Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people.
The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response to certain stimuli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern; electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.
An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is natural and even desirable for people. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined. Consider Darwin’s theory of evolution. Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood. A struggle for survival follows. Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation. In many species, such characteristics include aggressiveness. Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations.
The sociobiology view has been attacked on numerous grounds. One is that people’s capacity to outwit other species, not their aggressiveness, appears to be the dominant factor in human survival. Another is that there is too much variation among people to believe that they are dominated by, or at the mercy of, aggressive impulses.
The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents’ punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines. " By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.
According to psychodynamic theory, the best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be to encourage less harmful aggression. In the steam-engine analogy, verbal aggression may vent some of the aggressive steam. So might cheering on one’s favorite sports team. Psychoanalysts, therapists adopting a psychodynamic approach, refer to the venting of aggressive impulses as "catharsis." Catharsis is theorized to be a safety valve. But research findings on the usefulness of catharsis are mixed. Some studies suggest that catharsis leads to reductions in tension and a lowered likelihood of future aggression. Other studies, however, suggest that letting some steam escape actually encourages more aggression later on.
The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime — are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people’s motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people’s motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.
According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, members of a species are forced to struggle for survival because______.
选项
A、not all individuals are skilled in finding food
B、individuals try to defend their young against attackers
C、many more individuals are born than can survive until the age of reproduction
D、individuals with certain genes are more likely to reach adulthood
答案
C
解析
细节题。用“Darwin’s theory of evolution”原文定位,第3段有相关信息:Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive intoadulthood.”大意是达尔文坚持认为个体的数量超过了食物所能供应的数量。此句与C选项同义。reproduction(繁殖)是原文(survive into adulthood)的近义说法。故选C。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/fVFO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Eachyear,millionsofpeopleinBangladeshdrinkgroundwaterthathasbeenpollutedbynaturallyhighlevelsofarsenicpoison.
Thereisnoquestionthattheoldstyleofairpollutioncouldkillpeople.Inoneweekfollowingtheinfamous"peasouper"fogi
Amajorreasonforconflictintheanimalworldisterritory.Themaleanimalestablishesanarea.Thesizeoftheareaissuffi
Amajorreasonforconflictintheanimalworldisterritory.Themaleanimalestablishesanarea.Thesizeoftheareaissuffi
Duringthereadinglesson,theteacheraskedstudentstoreadafew_____fromthenovel.
"Governmentsthatwanttheirpeopletoprosperintheburgeoningworldeconomyshouldguaranteetwobasicrights:therighttopr
Oneofthemajordifferencesbetweenmanandhisclosestlivingrelativeis,ofcourse,thatthechimpanzeehasnotdevelopedthe
AftertheviolentearthquakethatshookLosAngelesin1994,earthquakescientistshadgoodnewstoreport;Thedamageanddeath
朋友关系的存续是以相互尊重为前提的,容不得半点强求、干涉和控制。朋友之间,情趣相投、脾气对味则合、则交;反之,则离、则绝。朋友之间再熟悉,再亲密,也不能随便过头,不恭不敬。不然,默契和平衡将被打破,友好关系将不复存在。每个人都希望拥有自己的私密空间,朋友之
在政府增加教育投资的同时,中国还实施“希望工程”发动公众帮助办学。1980年以来,已从中国境内外个人和各种社会组织筹集到1亿多美元。用这些钱在贫困地区建造了3000所学校,帮助130万儿童回到了课堂。“希望工程”已改变了许多中国孩子的生活,其中有些已
随机试题
关于微生物,下列说法中错误的是()。
下列关于作者、作品、文中涉及的人物搭配错误的是
关于外生殖器下列哪项是错误的:
对于复杂性急性肾盂肾炎病人,如未得到致病菌的药物敏感试验结果之前,常选用的抗生素不包括
A.离子单体B.离子二聚体C.非离子单体D.非离子二聚体E.阴性造影剂碘克酸属于
治疗休克首要的措施是
国际工程投标报价的组成中,应计入现场管理费的有()。
儿童在科学探索活动中所表现出来的认识和情绪倾向是()。
下列属于法定正当化事由的是()。
TaskOne-Job•Forquestions13-17,matchtheextractswiththepeople,listedA-H.•Foreachextract,choosethejobeachsp
最新回复
(
0
)