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  3. Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t

Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t

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问题     Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
    No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science; exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
    A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
    Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
We can infer from the passage that______.
选项 A、there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
B、amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
C、professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
D、amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
答案B
解析 本题是推断题。A项“专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别”，而实际上，它们指的是“不同的领域和方向”，specialization针对“研究对象”，professionalization针对“研究者”，因此可以排除。C项“专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体”这种说法不对，因为专业化的发展使得业余人士受到排挤。D项“业余人士看起来只有全国性的学术协会，但是没有地方性的学术协会”，这也是错误的，文中提到“既有全国性的学术协会。又有地方性的学术协会”。第三段指出的“局部的研究(local studies)只有在能被纳入并反映出更广泛研究框架的时候，才为专业人士所接受”。这说明，某些方面的研究是为专业研究者所认可的，同时说明了业余研究与职业研究并存。这就说明在某个地方是可以竞争的。因此选择B。
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