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  3. (1)For more than two decades，U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas．The lega

(1)For more than two decades，U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas．The lega

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问题   (1)For more than two decades，U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas．The legal rationale is that racial preferences are unconstitutional，even those intended to compensate for racism or intolerance．For many colleges，this means students can be admitted only on merit，not on their race or ethnicity．It has been a divisive issue across the U．S．，as educators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative-action for declines in minority admissions．Meanwhile，activists continue to battle race preferences in courts from Michigan to North Carolina．
  (2)Now，chief executives of about two dozen companies have decided to plunge headfirst into this politically unsettled debate．They，together with 36 universities and 7 nonprofitable organizations，formed a forum that set forth an action plan essentially designed to help colleges circumvent court-imposed restrictions on affirmative action．The CEOs’motive：“Our audience is growing more diverse，so the communities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnically diverse as well”，says one CEO of a company that owns nine television stations．
  Among the steps the forum is pushing：finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enrollmentthrough new admissions policies；promoting admissions decisions that look at more than test scores；and encouraging universities to step up their minority outreach and financial aid．(3)And to counter accusationsby critics to challenge these tactics in court，the group says it will give legal assistance to colleges sued for trying them．“Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legitimate，legal ways，”says a forum member．
  One of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10％rule.(4)The idea is for public universities—which educate three-quarters of all U．S．undergraduates—to admit students who are in the top 10％of their high school graduating class．(5)Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools even if they wouldn’t have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use.
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答案 (1)二十多年来，美国法院一直在限制大学及其他领域里肯定性行动法案的实施。
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