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  3. Remember Napster or Grokster? Both services allowed users to share computer files—usually digital music—that infringed the copyr

Remember Napster or Grokster? Both services allowed users to share computer files—usually digital music—that infringed the copyr

admin2019-08-08  85
问题    Remember Napster or Grokster? Both services allowed users to share computer files—usually digital music—that infringed the copyrights for those songs. Now imagine that, instead of music, you could download a physical object. Sounds like something from a sci-fi movie—push a button and there’s the item! But that scenario is already becoming a reality with the help of 3D printers. 【F1】We can download a computer file, called a computer-aided design (CAP) file, that instructs the printer to make a physical, three-dimensional object.
   Because CAD files are digital, they can be shared across the internet on file-sharing services, just like movies and music. Just as digital media challenged the copyright system with rampant copyright infringement, the patent system likely will encounter widespread infringement of patented inventions through 3D printing. 【F2】The problem is, however, that the patent system is even more ill-equipped to deal with this situation than copyright law was, posing a challenge to a key component of our innovation system.
   Patents are actual documents issued by the federal government. They’re awarded for inventions that are nontrivial advances in the state of the art. A patent allows the owner to prevent others from making, using, selling or importing the invention. 【F3】These exclusive rights help keep competitors out of the market, allowing the patent owner to recover R&D costs. The owner also can use the patent to support efforts to commercialize the invention.
   Each printed copy of an invention is a lost potential sale to the patent holder. Alternatively, patent owners could go after the people facilitating the infringement. The Patent Act permits a patent holder to sue parties who induce others to infringe. 【F4】Potential inducers of patent infringement here could be the sellers of the 3D printers, someone providing CAD files of the patented device, or websites that sell or share various CAD files that instruct the 3D printer to make the patented invention. Copyright law similarly prohibits inducement of infringement. The same idea could apply in the patent context.
   But there is a huge problem with this approach: inducement of patent infringement requires actual knowledge of the relevant patent. For music, everyone knows the songs are copyrighted. Not everyone is aware that a particular device is covered by a patent. There are hundreds of thousands of patents in existence. 【F5】It’s highly unlikely that potential inducers would have actual knowledge of every patent that could be infringed by use of a 3D printer.
【F1】
选项
答案我们可以下载一个叫“计算机辅助设计”的文件(以下简称为“CAD”)，这个文件会指示3D打印机打印出一个三维实体。
解析 ①本句为主从复合句，包含一个定语从句。②过去分词短语called a computer-aided design(CAD)file在句中作a computer file的后置定语，说明这是一个叫作“计算机辅助设计”的文件。③a computer file和CAD file指同一事物，that引导的定语从句修饰先行词file，说明这个文件可以对3D打印机发出指令打印物体。
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