首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
As well as the problems concerned with obtaining good quality audio recordings, recording also raises important theoretical prob
As well as the problems concerned with obtaining good quality audio recordings, recording also raises important theoretical prob
admin
2010-04-28
81
问题
As well as the problems concerned with obtaining good quality audio recordings, recording also raises important theoretical problems. The main problem is usually referred to as the observer’s paradox. Ideally we want to know how people use language when they are not being observed. When speakers know they are being observed, their language shifts towards more formal styles, probably rather erratically, as not everything in language is under equal conscious control, and as speakers probably go through cycles of half forgetting they are being recorded. So the most casual language is the most difficult to record. The language that linguists would most like to be able to record is the language which is most susceptible to contamination by observation.
With modem audio-recording equipment, there is, of course, no difficulty in recording speakers in many face-to-face situations or on the telephone. Some researchers have ethical objections to such recordings; others adopt a compromise solution of recording without their knowledge and then telling them afterwards. How- ever, suppose one decides to record people with their knowledge, what solutions are there, if any, to the effect of the recording on the speakers? In many cases, the recording may have to be with the speakers’consent in any case, for example, if recording teachers, doctors, magistrates, or official meetings of different kinds.
One argument, put forward by Wolfson(1976) ,is that there is no such thing as natural speech in any absolute sense. All language changes to be appropriate to the situation. All there is to study, then, is what people regard as appropriate in different situations. In any case, in all social situations, we ale. aware of being monitoned to some extent by others present: being monitored by a tape-recorder and researcher is therefore just a particular example of this. This type of argument usefully points out that the hunt for pure, natural or authentic data is a chimera. On the other hand, we may be investigating how people speak when they are un- comfortable. Being permanently recorded and studied is not a normal situation fox’most people, and those for whom it is an everyday occurance ( including celebrities, radio personalities, courtroom lawyers ) develop special strategies to deal with it. There is always the suspicion that in extraordinary situations people produce extraordinary language.
One research strategy is proposed by J. Wilson. lie argues that since speakers will inevitably be affect- ed by the recording, one should deliberately study such effects: what he called tape-affected speech. Exam- pies would include direct references to the recording equipment or uncharacteristically polite usages, or the opposite--deliberately obscene references, for example, where speakers are showing that they do not care what is recorded. This suggestion is useful, insofar as it warns researchers what to be aware of in recordings. On the other hand, we ought to know about normal language, not about such artificially produced ones.
It is regularly proposed that speakers grow used to being recorded, and that tape-affected speeches de- crease with time. One can, therefore, record speakers over some hours or days, and either edit out tape affect- ed sections, or simply discard earlier data. Although this principle seems very plausible, there appears to be no studies which have tested its validity. A similarly plausible but not well-tested claim is that if people are recorded in self-selected groups, then the pressures of interacting in a group will overrid the iuflueuce of the tape-recorder. Labor (1972b) claimes that recording Negro youths in their peer groups deceased the attention they paid to their speech. On the other hand, he was recording gangs of boys who might have gone out of their way to display their group solidarity to the observer. A different version of this argument is to record natural social groups. I did so in working class areas of Belfast. I became a natural member of the groups, with a socially recognized role. Despite the fact that I was known by some members to be making tape-recordings, I was not seen as a researcher, but as a friend of a friend! Having been initiated into the group by someone who knew my interests, these interests were not always seen as relevant, and not necessarily mentioned in introducing me to other members. I could, therefore, observe the group while not being defined as an observer. In other ways, I found a way of being present myself without breaking the interactional equipment, and that the effect of recording could not last for long periods during which I recorded.
J. Wilson argues that ______.
选项
A、since speakers will inevitably be affected by the recording one should not study such effects
B、since speakers will inevitably be affected by the recording one should deliberately study such effects
C、since speakers will not be affacted by the recording one should not study such effects
D、since speakers will not be affected by the recording one should deloberately study such effects
答案
B
解析
A既然说话者不可避免要受到录音的影响,人们不应该研究它的影响;B既然说话者不可避免要受到录音的影响,人们就应该刻意地去研究这种影响,此为原文,正确。C既然说话者不会受到录音的影响,人们不应该去研究这种影响。D既然说话者不会受到录音的影响,人们就应该刻意地去研究其影响。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/gNqO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Americanstodayhavedifferenteatinghabitsthantheyhadinthepast.Thereisawide【C1】______offoodavailable.Theyhave
Bynowyou’veprobablyheardthatthepercentageofactivesmokersamongushassteadilyandsignificantlydwindled.Todaynearl
A、Toexplainanewrequirementforgraduation.B、Tointereststudentsinacommunityserviceproject.C、Todiscusstheproblems
TheParisAirShowbroughtAirbus425bookingsworthtensofbillionsofdollars,awelcomedistractionfromtroublesatthepla
世界最大的商业飞机制造商波音公司宣布其新型777喷气式客机今年的新订单价值达180亿美元。
It’sofficial:therearenowmorepoorpeopleinAmericathanatanyothertimeinthe52yearsrecordshavebeenkept.Weknew
ForalmostsixyearsLyleCraker,aresearcherwhostudiesmedicinalplantsattheUniversityofMassachusetts,hasbeentrying
Ifpolicymakershopetomakefasterprogressinimprovingeconomicperformance,reducingpoverty,andslowing 【M1】______
Ifpolicymakershopetomakefasterprogressinimprovingeconomicperformance,reducingpoverty,andslowing 【M1】______
Ifpolicymakershopetomakefasterprogressinimprovingeconomicperformance,reducingpoverty,andslowing 【M1】______
随机试题
以下不属于我国金融监管目标的是()
归属于五行中"木"的五方是
呼吸衰竭的主要诱因是
冀东市甲公司欠冀中市乙公司150万元贷款,已到偿还期;冀南市丙公司欠冀东市甲公司100万元借款也已到偿还期,还款履行地为冀西市。甲公司对丙公司的债权怠于行使,使得乙公司的货款收不回来,造成乙公司流动资金紧张。现在,乙公司准备通过民事诉讼方式行使债权人的代位
对金额、出票日期、收款人名称进行更改的票据,为无效票据。()
试述一种新兴的教育研究方法。
"Yearsago,afriendofmineobservedthat80percentofthepeopleinthiscountryhavetoomuchself-esteemand20percentha
教师在教学时往往先教最一般、最抽象的概念,然后教较为具体的概念,最后教最为具体的概念,根据奥苏伯尔的理论,教师贯彻的教学原则是
操作对象只能是一个表的关系运算是( )。
FEIFEIELEVATORSisoneoftheleadingelevatorcompaniesintheworldwithmorethan120branchcompanies(分公司)aroundtheglobe
最新回复
(
0
)