首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
As well as the problems concerned with obtaining good quality audio recordings, recording also raises important theoretical prob
As well as the problems concerned with obtaining good quality audio recordings, recording also raises important theoretical prob
admin
2010-04-28
62
问题
As well as the problems concerned with obtaining good quality audio recordings, recording also raises important theoretical problems. The main problem is usually referred to as the observer’s paradox. Ideally we want to know how people use language when they are not being observed. When speakers know they are being observed, their language shifts towards more formal styles, probably rather erratically, as not everything in language is under equal conscious control, and as speakers probably go through cycles of half forgetting they are being recorded. So the most casual language is the most difficult to record. The language that linguists would most like to be able to record is the language which is most susceptible to contamination by observation.
With modem audio-recording equipment, there is, of course, no difficulty in recording speakers in many face-to-face situations or on the telephone. Some researchers have ethical objections to such recordings; others adopt a compromise solution of recording without their knowledge and then telling them afterwards. How- ever, suppose one decides to record people with their knowledge, what solutions are there, if any, to the effect of the recording on the speakers? In many cases, the recording may have to be with the speakers’consent in any case, for example, if recording teachers, doctors, magistrates, or official meetings of different kinds.
One argument, put forward by Wolfson(1976) ,is that there is no such thing as natural speech in any absolute sense. All language changes to be appropriate to the situation. All there is to study, then, is what people regard as appropriate in different situations. In any case, in all social situations, we ale. aware of being monitoned to some extent by others present: being monitored by a tape-recorder and researcher is therefore just a particular example of this. This type of argument usefully points out that the hunt for pure, natural or authentic data is a chimera. On the other hand, we may be investigating how people speak when they are un- comfortable. Being permanently recorded and studied is not a normal situation fox’most people, and those for whom it is an everyday occurance ( including celebrities, radio personalities, courtroom lawyers ) develop special strategies to deal with it. There is always the suspicion that in extraordinary situations people produce extraordinary language.
One research strategy is proposed by J. Wilson. lie argues that since speakers will inevitably be affect- ed by the recording, one should deliberately study such effects: what he called tape-affected speech. Exam- pies would include direct references to the recording equipment or uncharacteristically polite usages, or the opposite--deliberately obscene references, for example, where speakers are showing that they do not care what is recorded. This suggestion is useful, insofar as it warns researchers what to be aware of in recordings. On the other hand, we ought to know about normal language, not about such artificially produced ones.
It is regularly proposed that speakers grow used to being recorded, and that tape-affected speeches de- crease with time. One can, therefore, record speakers over some hours or days, and either edit out tape affect- ed sections, or simply discard earlier data. Although this principle seems very plausible, there appears to be no studies which have tested its validity. A similarly plausible but not well-tested claim is that if people are recorded in self-selected groups, then the pressures of interacting in a group will overrid the iuflueuce of the tape-recorder. Labor (1972b) claimes that recording Negro youths in their peer groups deceased the attention they paid to their speech. On the other hand, he was recording gangs of boys who might have gone out of their way to display their group solidarity to the observer. A different version of this argument is to record natural social groups. I did so in working class areas of Belfast. I became a natural member of the groups, with a socially recognized role. Despite the fact that I was known by some members to be making tape-recordings, I was not seen as a researcher, but as a friend of a friend! Having been initiated into the group by someone who knew my interests, these interests were not always seen as relevant, and not necessarily mentioned in introducing me to other members. I could, therefore, observe the group while not being defined as an observer. In other ways, I found a way of being present myself without breaking the interactional equipment, and that the effect of recording could not last for long periods during which I recorded.
J. Wilson argues that ______.
选项
A、since speakers will inevitably be affected by the recording one should not study such effects
B、since speakers will inevitably be affected by the recording one should deliberately study such effects
C、since speakers will not be affacted by the recording one should not study such effects
D、since speakers will not be affected by the recording one should deloberately study such effects
答案
B
解析
A既然说话者不可避免要受到录音的影响,人们不应该研究它的影响;B既然说话者不可避免要受到录音的影响,人们就应该刻意地去研究这种影响,此为原文,正确。C既然说话者不会受到录音的影响,人们不应该去研究这种影响。D既然说话者不会受到录音的影响,人们就应该刻意地去研究其影响。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/gNqO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Withtheparliamentaryelectionsbehindus,wenowhaveanunobstructedviewofhowoneoftheworld’smostimportantpolitical
OlderAmericansarelesshealthythantheirEnglishcounterparts,buttheyliveaslongasorevenlongerthantheirEnglishpee
A、Aminormistakecanhaveahugeinfluence.B、Aslipofone’spencanmakeimportantproject.C、Aminormistakewon’tcauseah
A、Togetmaterialsforaclassshemissed.B、Todiscussanassignmentsheisworkingon.C、Toaskaquestionaboutavideoherc
IusedtoboastthatBritainwasarelativelyuncorruptsociety.LookatFrance,Iwouldsay,whereahighproportionofrecent
IusedtoboastthatBritainwasarelativelyuncorruptsociety.LookatFrance,Iwouldsay,whereahighproportionofrecent
A、Traineesarerequiredtosigncontractsinitially.B、Trainees’performanceisevaluatedwhennecessary.C、Trainees’startings
Ifpolicymakershopetomakefasterprogressinimprovingeconomicperformance,reducingpoverty,andslowing 【M1】______
FamilyMattersThismonthSingaporepassedabillthatwouldgivelegalteethtothemoralobligationtosupportone’sparent
RobertCongel,acommercialreal-estatedeveloperwholivesinupstateNewYork,hasaplanto"changetheworld."Convincedtha
随机试题
只能在孕早期进行的特殊检查是
国家统计局派出的某县级调查队在统计执法检查中发现某工业企业上报的产品销售价格严重失实,遂启动统计违法案件查处程序,给予该企业警告并罚款5万元的处罚。请回答:统计违法案件查处的程序有()。
以下关于期货的结算说法错误的是()。
在确定完工产品与月末在产品费用的分配方法时,应该考虑的条件有()。
书法是我国特有的艺术瑰宝。被称为我国古代“楷书四大家’’的是()。
Wemanagedtoreachthetopofthemountain,andhalfanhourlaterwebeganto______.
阅读下列说明和图,回答问题1至问题4,将解答填入答题纸的对应栏内。【说明】某慕课教育平台欲添加在线作业批改系统,以实现高效的作业提交与批改,并进行统计。学生和讲师的基本信息已经初始化为数据库中的学生表和讲师表。系统的主要功能如下。(1)提交作业。验证
在软件开发中,结构化方法包括结构化分析方法、结构化设计方法和结构化程序设计方法。可行性研究阶段采用的是【】。
扬州漆器是我国民族文化艺术的瑰宝之一。漆器一般指在表面涂有漆的木材、陶瓷和金属等器物。我们的祖先最早认识到漆的特性,他们从漆树上采割天然漆汁——生漆,把它涂刷于器物表面,留下一层耐湿、耐热、耐磨且有光泽的保护膜,并能将漆调成各种颜色,做美化装饰之用。
Foryearswehavebelievedwewereeitherhealthyorsick.【51】,duringthemid-1990s,scientistsdevelopedanewconceptcalled
最新回复
(
0
)