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Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burd

admin2022-07-19  15
问题     Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics— the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
    As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
    But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can’t yet give a robot enough ’common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
    Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
    What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.
Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in________.
选项 A、the use of machines to produce science fiction
B、the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry
C、the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
D、the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work
答案C
解析 本题关键词是Human ingenuity，问题是人类的创造力最早表现在什么方面。可定位到第一段。第一段第一句提到Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty，其中，the dawn (开始，开端)与题干中的initially(最初)是同义替换，选项C中的the invention of tools、difficult and dangerous work分别与文中的have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty是相同含义，是正确选项。选项A来自第一段第三句：And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction，they have begun to come close。原文通过让步状语从句(if从句)说明科学家们目前尚未研制出科幻小说中的机器人版本，但并没提到用机器创作科幻小说，所以，选项A无中生有。文章第二段讲的是人类的创造力在现代社会(the modern world)中的表现，而并不是最初(initially)的表现，所以选项B答非所问。选项D来自第一段第一句，文中说的是人们发明了各种日益精巧的工具来处理那些危险、枯燥、繁重或者是十分令人讨厌的工作，而该选项说的是精英们对于危险且乏味工作的巧妙处理，即该选项将原文中的“人们”偷换为“精英们”(the elite)，并且没有提到“工具”，由此可见，选项D偷换概念。第一段：人类能发明工具，这导致了机器人学的诞生与巨大发展。
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