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  3. In 1637 the French philosopher-mathematician Rene Descartes predicted that it would never be possible to make a machine that thi

In 1637 the French philosopher-mathematician Rene Descartes predicted that it would never be possible to make a machine that thi

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问题      In 1637 the French philosopher-mathematician Rene Descartes predicted that it would never be possible to make a machine that thinks as humans do. In 1950, the British mathematician and computer pioneer Alan Turing declared that one day there would be a machine that could duplicate human intelligence in every way and prove it by passing a specialized test. In this test, a computer and a human hidden from view would be asked random identical questions. If the computer were successful, the questioner would be unable to distinguish the machine from the person by the answers.
     Inspired by Turing’s theory, the first conference on AI convened at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire in 1956. Soon afterwards an Al laboratory was started at Massachusetts Institute of Technology by John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky, two of the nation’s leading AI proponents. McCarthy also invented the Al computer language, Lisp; but by the early 1990s Al itself had not been achieved. However, logic programs called expert systems allow computers to "make decisions" by interpreting data and selecting from among alternatives. Technicians can run programs used in complex medical diagnosis, language translation, mineral exploration, and even computer design.
      Machinery can outperform humans physically. So, too, can computers outperform mental functions in limited areas—notably in the speed of mathematical calculations. For example, the fastest computers developed are able to perform roughly 10 billion calculations per second. But making more powerful computers will probably not be the way to create a machine capable of passing the Turing test. Computer programs operate according to set procedures, or logic steps, called algorithms. In addition, most computers do serial processing; operations of recognition and computation are performed one at a time. The brain works in a manner called parallel processing, performing operations simultaneously. To achieve simulated parallel processing, some supercomputers have been made with multiple processors to follow several algorithms at the same time.
      Critics of this approach insist that solving a computation does not indicate understanding, something a person who solved a problem would have. Human reasoning is not based solely on roles of logic. It involves perception, awareness, emotional preferences, values, evaluating experience, the ability to generalize and weigh options, and more. Some proponents of AI have, therefore, suggested that computers should be patterned after the human brain, which essentially consists of a network of nerve cells.
     By the early 1990s, the closest approximation to Al was a special silicon chip built to behave like a human brain cell. It was modeled after the internal workings of neurons in the human cerebral cortex. Unlike the conventional silicon chip, which works in digital mode, the new silicon chip works in analog mode, much the way a human brain cell works.
Critics of AI would probably agree with the statement that
选项 A、logic plays the most important part in human reasoning.
B、fast computation shows the ability of understanding.
C、the new silicon chip is working in the way that human brain works.
D、reasoning is something too complicated to be duplicated by the computer.
答案D
解析 本题考查细节理解。虽然文中作者并未直接表明对人工智能持批评态度的人同意哪种观点，但在第四段第一至第四句中作者指出，对 AI持批评态度的人认为能进行计算并不意味着会推理(与选项B 相反)。推理是人类解决问题时具有的一种能力。人们进行推理不仅靠逻辑(与选项A 相反)，还需要诸如“perception，…weigh option”等极其复杂的能力，据此推断选项D 为正确答案。
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