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  3. Adults typically need seven to nine hours of sleep each night to feel fully rested and function at their best. However, American

Adults typically need seven to nine hours of sleep each night to feel fully rested and function at their best. However, American

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问题     Adults typically need seven to nine hours of sleep each night to feel fully rested and function at their best. However, Americans are getting less sleep than they did in the past.【F1】A 2005 National Sleep Foundation poll found that Americans averaged 6.9 hours of sleep per night, which represents a drop of about two hours per night since the 19th century, one hour per night over the past 50 years, and about 15 to 25 minutes per night just since 2001.
    Unfortunately, we are not very good at perceiving the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania restricted volunteers to less than six hours in bed per night for two weeks. The volunteers perceived only a small increase in sleepiness and thought they were functioning relatively normally.【F2】However, formal testing showed that their cognitive abilities and reaction times progressively declined during the two weeks. By the end of the two-week test, they were as impaired as subjects who had been awake continuously for 48 hours.
    Moreover, cognitive and mood problems may not be the only consequences of too little sleep. Researchers at the University of Chicago have shown that too little sleep changes the body’s secretion of some hormones.【F3】The changes promote appetite, reduce the sensation of feeling full after a meal, and alter the body’s response to sugar intake—changes that can promote weight gain and increase the risk of developing diabetes.
    A recent review by a team from Harvard Medical School found that all of the large studies that followed people over time agreed that short sleep duration was associated with future weight gain.【F4】This connection was particularly strong in children; all 31 studies in children showed a strong association between short sleep duration and current and future obesity. For example, a study by Susan Redline and colleagues at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine showed an inverse correlation between sleep duration and obesity in high-school-age students.【F5】The shorter the sleep, the higher the likelihood of being overweight, with those getting six to seven hours of sleep more than two and a half times as likely to be overweight as those getting more than eight hours.
    We have many opportunities to avoid sleep—lights, electronic devices, and other entertainment offer round-the-clock temptations. But we must recognize the importance of sleep and make it a priority to get enough. It is a lot easier to prevent weight gain, diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease by getting enough sleep than it is to treat these problems once they develop.
【F3】
选项
答案这些变化会促进食欲，削弱饭后对饱食的感觉，并改变身体对糖类摄人量的反应，因此这些变化会导致体重增加，从而增加患糖尿病的风险。
解析 本句比较长，但只包含一个由that引导的定语从句，修饰changes，而破折号后面的这个changes是前面the changes…的同位语，对其进行补充说明。但是根据句意可以看出前后有些因果关系，因此在翻译时要把这层关系译出来，所以要在两个部分之间加上“因此”。而句中的developing常见的意思是“发展，开发”，而在本句中则是“患上(病)”的意思。
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