首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Since the late 1970’s, in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries, manufacturers in the United States
Since the late 1970’s, in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries, manufacturers in the United States
admin
2010-03-25
76
问题
Since the late 1970’s, in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity and therefore enhance their international competitiveness through costcutting programs. (Cost-cutting here is definding the amount of labor constant.) However, from 1978 through 1982, productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve; and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following, they ran 25 percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the same, it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implement costcutting, the more they lost their competitive edge. With this paradox in mind, I recently visited 25 companies; it became clear to me that the costcutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed. Manufacturing regularly observes a "40,40,20" rule, roughly 40 percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long term changes in manufacturing structure (decisions about the number, size, location, and capacity of facilities) and in approaches to materials. Another 40 percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology. The final 20 percent rests on implementing conventional costcutting. This rule does not be tried. The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter, not harder—do produce results. But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute. Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people. As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers has shown, an industry can easily become prisoner of its own investments in costcutting techniques, reducing its ability to develop new products. And managers under pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which they are measured. Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output. This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation, but it has created a penny pinching, mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.
Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy facturing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology. In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach, within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies, successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope for manufacturing, but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.
In the passage, the author includes all of the following EXCEPT ______.
选项
A、a business principle
B、a definition of productivity
C、an example of a successful company
D、an illustration of a process technology
答案
D
解析
细节归纳题。A项意为“商业规律”,在本文的第二段中可找到线索。B项意为实施制造业竞争力的策略是一个策略,在本文的第一段中可以找到相应的线索。C项意为“成功公司的度”。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/goqO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
A、Acareercandeterminethewayyoumakeafriend.B、Acareercandeterminethewayyoulive.C、Acareercanaffectthewayyou
Theteachingsequenceisintendedtohelplearners(1)inwritingshortanswers.Itconsistsofthreestages:(2),thepractice
Theteachingsequenceisintendedtohelplearners(1)inwritingshortanswers.Itconsistsofthreestages:(2),thepractice
Yetthedifferenceintoneandlanguagemuststrikeus,sosoonasitisphilosophythatspeaks:thatchangeshouldremindusth
A、Differentapproachestocopingwithstress.B、Variouscausesforserioushealthproblems.C、Therelationshipbetweenstressan
A、I’dliketomakeanappointmentMondaymorning.B、Imustfinishtypingbeforegoingtobed.C、Ihavetoworkovertimethiswee
Ateamofworld-leadingneuro-scientistshasdevelopedapowerfultechniquethatallowsthemtolookdeepinsideaperson’sbrai
BustaMyth,GetaBenefitFewsubjectsharbormoremythsandmisconceptionsthannutrition.Someofthemostcommon:"L
随机试题
制订工艺卡片时,选择机床的()应与工件尺寸大小相适应,做到合理使用设备。
(2010年10月)亨利.法约尔是20世纪初逐欧洲发展起来的________学派的代表。
腰痛的病因病机有
针对系统性红斑狼疮的治疗,下列哪项是错误的()。
A、凝血活酶形成障碍B、凝血酶形成障碍C、纤维蛋白形成障碍D、血小板质或量的异常E、血管壁的异常出血时间延长,血块退缩不良
患者,葡萄胎刮宫术后4个月,血HCG明显高于正常,胸部X线片显示片状阴影,最可能的诊断是()。
造成损耗的主要原因通常可分为()数类。
A公司采用配股的方式进行融资。以公司2019年12月31日总股数5000万股为基数,拟每10股配2股。配股价格为配股说明书公布前20个交易日公司股票交易均价15元/股的80%,则下列表述正确的有()。
马可·波罗盛赞的“全世界最美丽华贵的城市”是()。
长安区南口镇李家庄的古稀老人张老汉来派出所报案称,邻居家里安置的高音喇叭吵得他年幼的外孙哇哇大哭。民警来到现场进行调查,发现张老汉的邻居是一名拄着双拐的残疾青年。该残疾青年说自己靠开小卖部维持一家生计,确实需要安置一个喇叭,否则生意根本没法做,不愿将喇叭卸
最新回复
(
0
)