首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begi
Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begi
admin
2015-01-09
24
问题
Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begins cleaning her friend’s face. Is Anie an extremely devoted companion? Yes! Allie is a capuchin monkey who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks.
Monkeys like Allie are just one of many kinds of animals that help improve—or even save—human lives. But not all animals are suited to do every job. Certain animals are "hired" for specific jobs based on their traits, or characteristics. By using different methods of conditioning(training animals to act in a particular way in response to a stimulus, or signal), humans can teach animals toper form extraordinary tasks.
Throughout history, humans have relied on animals’ traits to get certain jobs done. For example, compared with humans, dogs are "far superior at tracking down odors," says Marian Bailey, an animal behaviorist at Henderson State University in Arkansas. That’s because dogs have million of olfactory receptors, or smell nerves, in their noses.
For that reason, hunters used dogs to track down prey even in ancient Egypt. Today, dogs my be employed to sniff out illegal substances in school lockers or earthquake victims buried beneath the rubble of the collapsed building or highway.
Primates may not be good sinffers, but they can certainly lend a helping hand—or two. Monkeys are perfect helpmates for quadriplegics, people paralyzed from the neck down who are unable to use their own hands(and legs). Like humans, explains Bailey monkeys have opposable thumbs—thumbs that face the hand’s other fingers—so monkeys can pick up objects. Capuchins learn to open doors, clean up spills, and unscrew bottle tops. They can even get a sandwich out of the refrigerator and load your favorite tape into the VCR.
And speaking of VCRs, animals are even helping scientists make a videotape. Jennifer Hurley, an animal researcher at the Long Marine Lab in Santa Cruz, California, is training two sea lions to carry video cameras on their backs to record the natural behavior of whales.
So how do you get an animal employee to do its job? The answer, career-training Trainers teach the animals to obey their instructions through a process called conditioning.
Most trainers condition animals by using positive reinforcement, rewarding an animal for doing something correctly, says animal behaviorist Bailey. For example, trainers teach their dogs how to sniff out drugs by hiding a towel with the smell of drugs. "Dogs love to retrieve objects so the towel becomes a reward," says Morris Berkowitz, who heads up a canine drug-sniffing program in New York.
After repeating this game of hide-and-seek many times, the dog begins to "associate the odor with a reward," says Berkowitz. When he gives the command, or stimulus, the dog seeks cot drugs(it’s like learning to study hard for a tests in order to get a good grade as a reward.)
At "Helping Hands—Monkey Helpers for the Disabled," capuchin monkeys are trained twice before being teamed with a disabled human. First, monkeys are placed with a foster family to become socialized to people. For five years, families help the monkeys adapt to a human environment, so the monkeys will trust and enjoy being around people.
Taking the monkeys in when they’re four to six weeks old is important, says Bailey. "That’s when monkeys normally become socialized to other monkeys," she says.
Second, trainers at Helping Hands train the monkeys to perform specific tasks to assist a particular person. For example, a monkey may be trained to scratch an itch, or slip a floppy disc into a computer dive. Trainers reward the monkeys by using positive reinforcement, such as food, drinks.
Directions: The passage below summarizes the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase, from the box blow, according to the passage. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
[*]
Allie is a capuchin【R1】______who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks. Allie is a(n) 【R2】______of many animals who can be【R3】______to do certain jobs. Besides monkeys,【R4】______and sea lions can also give people a helping【R5】______.
Dogs are good at【R6】______down prey and sniffing out【R7】______and【R8】______because they have millions of【R9】______in their nose. Monkeys are good helper for the【R10】______, who cannot look after themselves. Sea lions can help scientists to record the【R11】______of whales because they can【R12】______to the deep ocean. In addition,【R13】______are part of whales’ natural environment, which makes the video more【R14】______.
But animals cannot do the jobs【R15】______training. The main process of training is called【R16】______, which uses【R17】______. During the training, trainers【R18】______an animal for doing something【R19】______. For mon-keys, the positive reinforcement can【R20】______a year before they are qualified for their jobs.
【R14】
选项
答案
C
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/hPLO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldiers
By1817theUnitedStatesCongresshad______allinternaltaxesandwasrelyingontariffsonimportedgoodstoprovidesufficien
Ourape-menforefathershadnoobviousnaturalweaponsinthestruggleforsurvivalintheopen.Theyhadneitherthepowerfult
Asasalesman,heworksona______basis,taking10%ofeverythinghesells.
TheOlympicGameswerewatchedby______billionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.
Thecurrentfederalfundsinterestrateofonly1.75percenthasclearlybecomeunsustainableinviewoftheeconomy’sresilienc
Thecurrentfederalfundsinterestrateofonly1.75percenthasclearlybecomeunsustainableinviewoftheeconomy’sresilien
BeforehighschoolteacherKimberlyRughgotdowntobusinessatthestartofarecentschoolweek,shejokedwithherstudents
Inspiteof"endlesstalkofdifference",Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis"thedemocrat
随机试题
某公司将销售部门拆分为线上和线下两个团队,拆分后线上团队的人数为线下团队的2倍,线下团队男女员工人数相同,线上团队的男员工人数占两个团队男员工总数的60%。则拆分前,销售部门男女员工人数之比为:
该筛检项目的假阳性率为该筛检项目的阳性预测值为
下列各项在新增固定资产价值计算时应计入新增固定资产价值的是()。
某大型防洪工程由政府投资兴建。项目法人委托某招标代理公司代理施工招标。招标代理公司依据有关规定确定该项目采用公开招标方式招标,招标公告在当地政府规定的招标信息网上发布。招标文件中规定:投标担保可采用投标保证金或投标保函方式担保。评标方法采用经评审的最低投标
建设工程生产安全事故应急救援预案编制应符合的要求包括()。
顺星股份有限公司(以下简称“顺星公司”)为上市公司,2×21年企业合并、长期股权投资有关资料如下:(1)2×21年1月1日,顺星公司向通达有限责任公司(以下简称“通达公司”)的母公司甲公司定向发行1000万元普通股(每股面值1元,每股市价10
2015年6月5日,A公司向B公司开具一张金额为5万元的,见票后3个月到期的银行承兑汇票,6月10日A公司向其开户银行提示承兑,银行于当日承兑,6月11日A公司将票据交付给B公司,7月10日B公司将该票据背书转让给C公司。9月12日,C公司请求承兑银行付款
职能制组织结构的优点包括()。
(2014广州80)请从所给的四个选项中,选择最合适的一项填在问号处,使之呈现一定的规律性。
Windows中,线程使用______个优先级别,这些优先级别又可以划分为系统级别、可变级别和实时级别。
最新回复
(
0
)