首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families
admin
2012-05-18
72
问题
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements; basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older pe6ple. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission.
Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France. Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.
Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.
One characteristic of the rich classes of a declining society is their tendency to______.
选项
A、be more prosperous and incite community riot
B、absorb the newly rich in order to reinforce their ruling
C、refuse etiquette because it is a form of barrier
D、adopt a set of etiquette which belongs to themselves exclusively
答案
D
解析
细节题第一句话中就提到没落的统治阶级希望在自身和下层阶级之间建立一道屏障以此来保住自身的优越性(superiority)。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/hkiO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Whichofthefollowingwordsisformedthroughderivation?
NationalParksInAmerican【1】,priorityisgiventotheamusementofthepublic.ButfortheNationalParks,thepriorityis【
WhichofthefollowingsportswasNOTinventedinBritain?
Whichofthefollowingistheworld’ssmallestcontinent?
Athrongofbeardedmen,insad-coloredgarmentsandgraysteeple-crownedhats,intermixedwithwomen,somewearinghoodsandot
A、Bothwerewearingdarksweaters.B、Neitherwaswearingglasses.C、Bothwereaboutthesameage.D、Oneofthemwasmarkedbya
Athrongofbeardedmen,insad-coloredgarmentsandgraysteeple-crownedhats,intermixedwithwomen,somewearinghoodsandot
Athrongofbeardedmen,insad-coloredgarmentsandgraysteeple-crownedhats,intermixedwithwomen,somewearinghoodsandot
随机试题
2005年8月5日领先中文搜索引擎百度在线网络技术有限公司宣布在纳斯达克正式上市,发行4,040,402股美国存托凭证股票。每股美国存托凭证股票表代表一股A类普通股。这些美国存托凭证证券将于今天在纳斯达克市场以$27美元开始买卖,代号为BIDU。问题:
李某深夜潜入本单位财务室,意图盗窃保险柜中的财物。李用尽了各种方法,也未能将保险柜打开,感到十分沮丧。正要离开时,恰逢保安员巡逻至此。保安员发现财务室的门虚掩,即进去查看,与李某撞个正着。李某用撬棍将保安员打昏后逃走。回到家中后,李某恐保安员醒来以后认出自
按照国家有关规定,需要具备相应招标资格才能进行招标代理的项目不包括()。
建筑物内的电信管线和配线设施以及建设项目用地范围内的电信管道,应当纳入建设项目的设计文件,并随建设项目同时施工与验收。所需经费应当纳入建设项目()。
为了创建一流的品牌精英团队,保证公司的可持续发展力,某公司决定对外招聘具有相关行业工作经验的人员,作为品牌经理、市场经理和大区销售经理的后备人才。经过反复讨论,公司决定对外发布招聘信息,以招聘人才。请结合本案例回答以下问题:该公司可选择哪些招聘信息发
新课程改革进一步强化了教育评价的甄别与选择功能。()
根据制度经济学理论,()是分析经济制度的基本范畴。
A、B两地相距600千米,甲车上午9时从A地开往B地,乙车上午10时从B地开往A地,到中午13时,两辆车恰好在A、B两地的中点相遇。如果甲、乙两辆车都从上午9时由两地相向开出,速度不变,到上午11时,两车还相距多少千米?
A、ShelikesMexicanfoodverymuch.B、Shelikestogooutdancing.C、Shewillcelebratehisbirthday.D、Sheacceptstheman’sin
WhichAttributesofaFoodProductareMostImportanttoConsumersA)TheAustralianstateofVictoriaisinvestinginapro
最新回复
(
0
)