首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
A surrogate mother is a woman who carries a child, usually for an infertile couple. There are two types of surrogacy, traditiona
A surrogate mother is a woman who carries a child, usually for an infertile couple. There are two types of surrogacy, traditiona
admin
2020-01-15
31
问题
A surrogate mother is a woman who carries a child, usually for an infertile couple. There are two types of surrogacy, traditional and gestational. The traditional type of surrogacy involves the surrogate mother being inseminated with the sperm of the intended father. In gestational surrogacy, eggs and sperm are extracted from the donors and implanted into the surrogate. Despite of its benefits, surrogacy is only legalized in few states, like the US and India. The following article illustrates the reason of banning surrogacy in France.
Write an article of NO LESS THAN 800 words, in which you should:
1. summarize the article briefly, and then
2. express your opinion towards surrogacy, especially whether it should be legalized.
Why Has France Banned Surrogate Motherhood?
Shortly after it emerged in the 1980s, surrogate motherhood was dealt a severe blow in France by a decision of its highest civil court. In 1991, it ruled that an agreement entered into by a woman to conceive, bear a child, and relinquish it at birth, albeit for benign reasons, was contrary to the public policy principle of unavailability of both the human body and civil status. This prohibition was confirmed in the Bioethics Act of 1994.
In the last few years the issue of legalizing gestational surrogacy has resurfaced for many reasons. First of all, there is growing demand for autonomy, particularly with regards to individual life choices. There is also a persistent specific demand from women whose infertility is related to congenital malformation, cancer surgery, postpartum hemorrhage, or exposure to Distilbene. Last but not least, people can turn to international surrogacy in the United States or in countries such as Ukraine and India where specialized clinics operate for foreigners.
Today, however, the prohibition of surrogate motherhood is still supported by a majority of French citizens. It is justified by ethical concerns regarding the child, the surrogate mother, and society as a whole. Firstly, children may be psychologically at risk in such transactions. Ignoring or denying the effects of pregnancy and the mother-child relationship on the child’s future could well be damaging for him or her as well as for the intended parents; and children could become commodities traded as merchandise between surrogate mothers and infertile couples.
Secondly, even aside from the physical risks of pregnancy, the gestational mother is exposed to two dangers: becoming attached to the child and suffering from the separation after birth, since she knows that, for her, childbirth will mean an end rather than a beginning. France is also concerned about the fact that there is an inherent social division in this practice: surrogate mothers are usually from lower economic backgrounds and can be economically exploited in this transaction.
Thirdly, surrogacy could threaten the symbolic image of women and the principle of human dignity that enjoys constitutional recognition. In France, dignity is often regarded as an obligation that individuals owe themselves to remain worthy of their human condition. Individuals are free to decide what constitutes their own dignity provided the dignity of others is not harmed.
While it is highly plausible that some surrogates are acting entirely of their own free will, it is still wrong for society to accept a form of alienation, however voluntary.
选项
答案
Surrogacy Should Be Legalized General public have been for years pondering the pros and cons of surrogate motherhood without reaching any definite conclusion until now. France has banned surrogacy because the government contend surrogate mothers will suffer from both ethic and psychological harm when the baby is transferred to the couple. Besides, it also believes that most surrogate mothers come from lower economic backgrounds and might be taken advantage of in this transaction. Yet, supporters of making surrogacy legal believe that this offers an opportunity for infertile women whose life might be put in danger by pregnancy. They deserve no less the right to have their own children than normal couples, so surrogacy will ensure such equality. As for me, I stand for legalizing surrogacy based on the ground that a legislation will ensure the right of those in need and make surrogacy more regulated. Due to the difference in legislation on surrogacy, people can always go to countries where surrogacy is legal and find a surrogate mother there, causing more social concerns on immigration, national identity etc. Therefore, banning it is not a solution as people who are actually in need of it will always take other routes which might give rise to more problems. By legalizing surrogacy, there will be improvement in at least three aspects: firstly, transborder surrogacy can be prohibited, avoiding nationality and immigration-related issues; secondly, a fair, safe and scrutinized surrogacy platform can be established, thus ensuring the rights of both the surrogate mother and the couple; thirdly, legalizing surrogacy would give the government more accurate data on the demography of the country, guaranteeing more grounded population-related policies. This conduct is much like legalizing adoption by providing a fair and confidential system for it. The adoption system functions well and I believe a similar surrogacy system will bring good results as well, but the first step, is to legalize surrogacy.
解析
材料介绍代孕产业在法国遭到禁止的原因。
第一段介绍了“代孕妈妈”的背景情况,虽然早在八十年代就已经出现,但由于违反相关的法律原则(contrary to the public policy principle),法国已于1994年明确禁止。
最近几年“代孕妈妈”又再次浮出水面(resurfaced)。理由如下,第一,人们的自主需求增加,这被看做是个人的人生选择(individual life choices);第二,对于有特殊疾病而不能怀孕的妇女(infertility)而言,这种办法尤为重要;第三,人们也会到别的国家寻求海外代孕(international surrogacy)。
然而,大多数法国人仍反对“代孕妈妈”。第一,孩子成为了这场交易中的商品(merchandise),可能会遭受心理创伤(psychologically at risk);第二,代孕妈妈也会遭受两方面的伤害。一是生产完就要忍受与孩子分别之痛(separation after birth),二是她们的社会地位较低,在经济上容易被剥削。第三,代孕将有损女性的光辉形象(symbolic image of women)以及人类的尊严(human dignity)。
开篇:总结材料,概括材料中法国禁止“代孕妈妈”的理由。
主体:提出自己的观点——支持代孕合法化。并从多方面具体阐释理由。
结尾:总结全文,通过类比的方法结尾,如文中将代孕与领养对比,认为合法化代孕将有利于监管和保护双方利益。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/i8bK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Americans’circleofcloseconfidantshasshrunkdramaticallyinthepasttwodecadesbutthenumberofpeoplewhosaythey【M1】_
A、It’sharmful.B、It’ssurprising.C、It’sunlucky.D、It’snormal.A根据句(5)可知,男士认为,人们在食物上的花费大于在娱乐上的花费不足为奇,毕竟人都要吃东西,但是美国人把越来越多的钱花费在
A、Atremblingsoul.B、Emphasisonmasculinity.C、Amaskofanxiety.D、TheAmericanDream.A根据句(7)可知,有时人们认为海明威的小说表达了一种美国男性对他们的阳刚之
SexisminEnglishSexisminEnglishlanguagereflectsthetraditionalethicsthatmenaresuperiortowomen.Here,fouraspect
TeachingMethodsforEffectiveCommunicationI.Writeimportantpointson【T1】______【T1】______—theorganizationofideas—tec
AudienceAwarenessofWritingI.Introduction—contents,【T1】______andstylesdependontheaudience【T1】______—theimportance
张衡是中国古代杰出的科学家。他长期观察日月和行星的运行规律,知道月亮本身不发光,月光只是月球反射了太阳光。他还正确地解释了“冬天日短夜长,夏天日长夜短”的道理。张衡在他写的书中,提出了“空间和时间都是无限的”的理论。他画出了中国第一张完备的星图,记录了25
她笑了笑,又转了一回弹槽滚儿,对他说,“如果是空枪,俺就依你!”说完,重新举起了小左轮。她的手有点儿抖,瞄了许久,突然,颓丧地放下枪,好一时才说,“俺不认命了,只求你从今以后别再当匪,好生与俺过日子!”他愕然,呆呆地望着她,像是在编织着一个梦幻。
袁良是一位65岁的退休中学生物教师。从1984年起他开始对天津地区的鸟类资源进行统计。天津是中国北方最大的港口城市,东临渤海湾,北部有燕山山脉,东北部有国家级湿地自然保护区,南部有大面积的水域。丰富的地貌使天津成为众多珍稀鸟类难得的栖息之地。袁良的鸟类观测
生活就像一杯红酒,热爱生活的人会从其中品出无穷无尽的美妙。将它握在手中仔细观察,它的暗红色中有血的感觉,那正是生命的痕迹。抿一口留在口中回味,它的甘甜中有一丝苦涩,如人生一般复杂迷离。喝一口下肚,余香沁人心脾,让人终身受益。红酒越陈越美味,生活越丰富越美好
随机试题
A.脐部圆形包块,加腹压后包块突出,平卧时包块消失B.卵黄管的脐端未闭,遗留较短的盲管C.脐带周围发生缺损,腹腔内脏脱出体外D.出生后见胃肠突出于腹壁外,脐和脐带正常,腹壁裂孔在脐的右侧并为纵向E.卵黄管的脐端有残留的黏膜形成息肉样红色突起,少量液
A、祛暑利湿,补气生津B、祛暑除湿,和胃消食C、祛暑解表,清热生津D、解表化湿,理气和中E、清热解毒,利湿化浊六合定中丸的功效()。
第二类精神药品处方印刷用纸为
抢救青霉素过敏性休克的首选药物是
EVA、PE类聚合物改性沥青混合料的废弃温度为()。
某公司为获得一项工程合同,拟向工程发包方的有关人员支付好处费8万元,公司市场部持公司的批示到财务部领取该笔款项。财务部经理谢某认为该项支出不符合有关规定,但考虑到公司主要领导已作了批示,遂同意拨付了款项。对谢某做法的下列认定中正确的是()。
我国对资本主义工商业进行社会主义改造的政策是和平赎买。()
小刚在一次演讲比赛中有五名裁判给他打分,除去最低分外,他的平均成绩是96分;加上最低分,它的平均成绩下降了3分。问其中打的最低分是多少?()
设f(x)连续,其中V={(x,y,z)|x2+y2≤t2,0≤z≤h}(t>0),求其中,[x]表示不超过x的最大整数.
WhatcanbecitedtoshowMr.Eliasson’sunderstandingoftotal-immersionart?
最新回复
(
0
)