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  3. Until early in this century, the isolationist tendency prevailed in American foreign policy. Then, two factors projected America

Until early in this century, the isolationist tendency prevailed in American foreign policy. Then, two factors projected America

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问题 Until early in this century, the isolationist tendency prevailed in American foreign policy. Then, two factors projected America into world affairs: its rapidly expanding power, and the gradual collapse of the international system centered on Europe. Two watershed presidencies marked this progression: Theodore Roosevelt’ s and Woodrow Wilson’ s. These men held the reins of government when world affairs were drawing a reluctant nation into their vortex. Both recognized that A-merica had a crucial role to play in world affairs though they justified its emergence from isolation with opposite philosophies.
Roosevelt was a sophisticated analyst of the balance of power. He insisted on an international role for America because its national interest demanded it, and because a global balance of power was inconceivable to him without American participation. For Wilson, the justification of America’ s international role was messianic: America had an obligation, not to the balance of power, but to spread its principles throughout the world. During the Wilson Administration, America emerged as a key player in world affairs, proclaiming principles which, while reflecting the truisms of American thought, nonetheless marked a revolutionary departure for Old World diplomats. These principles held that peace depends on the spread of democracy, that states should be judged by the same ethical criteria as individuals, and that the national interest consists of adhering to a universal system of law.
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答案 直到本世纪初，孤立主义倾向在美国外交政策中一直大行其道。后来，两大因素致使美国置身于世界事务之中。其一是它迅猛膨胀的国力，其二是以欧洲为中心的国际体系的渐趋崩溃。两届具有分水岭意义的总统任期标志着这种事态的发展：罗斯福和威尔逊。这两人执掌政府权力之际，正值世界事务正将美国这个不愿介入国际事务的国家卷入它们的漩涡之时。这两位总统均认识到，美国应在世界事务中扮演关键角色，尽管他们用截然相反的两套学说来为美国从孤立状态中脱颖而出寻找依据。 罗斯福对均势的分析可谓老谋深算。他坚定不移地认为，美国应扮演某种国际角色，因为美国的国家利益需要这一国际角色，并且对他来说，没有美国参与的全球均势将是无法想象的。对于威尔逊总统来说，美国扮演国际角色的理由更多地带有救世主的色彩：美国不仅仅对均势负有义务，而且也有义务将其自身的原则传播到全球每个角落。威尔逊总统执政其间，美国一跃而成为国际事务中的一个主要角色，到处宣扬其自身的原则。这些原则虽然折射出了美国思想中那些老生常谈的内容，但对于旧世界的外交家而言，仍标志着一种革命性的更弦易辙。美国的这些原则坚持认为，世界和平取决于民主的传播，人们在对国家进行评判时应采用与评判个人相同的道德准则，并且，国家利益在于坚持一套放之四海而皆准的法律体系。
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