首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Science is a cumulative body of knowledge about the natural world, obtained by the application of a particular method practised
Science is a cumulative body of knowledge about the natural world, obtained by the application of a particular method practised
admin
2010-07-19
38
问题
Science is a cumulative body of knowledge about the natural world, obtained by the application of a particular method practised by the scientist. The word science itself is derived from the Latin scire, which means to know, to have knowledge of or to experience. Technology is the fruit of applied science, it is the concrete expression of research done in the laboratory and applied to manufacturing commodities to meet human needs. The word scientist was introduced only in 1840 by William Whewell, Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Cambridge. In his Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, he wrote: "We need a name to describe a cultivator of science in general. I should be inclined to call him a scientist." The "cultivators of science" before 1840 were known as "natural philosophers". The founders of the 300-year-old Royal Society were typical "natural philosophers". They were curious, often eccentric persons who poked inquiring fingers at nature. In the process of doing so they stated a technique of inquiry we know today as the "scientific method".
Briefly, these are the steps in the method. First comes the thought that sparks off the inquiry. (For. example, in 1896, the physicist Henri Becquerel, in communications to the French Academy of Sciences, stated that he found that uranium salts emitted rays of unknown nature. His discovery excited Marie Curie. Along with her husband Pierre, she wanted to know more about this radiation. What was it exactly, and where did it come from?)
Second comes the collecting of facts: the techniques of doing this will differ according to the problem to be solved. However it is based on experiments in which one may use anything from a test tube to an earth satellite to gather essential data. (If you do not know the difficulties which the Curies encountered to gather their facts, as they investigated the mysterious uranium rays, I advise you to read the remarkable story in the book Madame Curie by her daughter Eve. )
This leads to step three: organising the facts and studying the relationships that emerge. (These rays were different from anything known. How can this be explained? Did this radiation come from the atom itself? It might well be that other materials also emit radiation. Madame Curie investigated and found this was so. She invented the word radioactivity for this phenomenon. She followed this with further experimental work on only "active" radioelements. )
Step four is the statement of a hypothesis or theory: that is, framing a general truth that has emerged and that may be modified as new facts emerge. (In July 1898, the Curies announced the probable presence in pitchblende ores of a new element endowed with powerful radioactivity. This was the beginning of the discovery of radium. )
Then follows the clearer statement of the theory. (In December 1898, the Curies reported to the Academy of Sciences: "The various reasons we have enumerated lead us to believe that the new radioactive substance contains a new element to which we propose to give the name of Radium. The new radioactive substance certainly contains a very strong proportion of bariums in spite of that its radioactivity is considerable. The radioactivity of radium therefore must be enormous. ")
And the final step is the practical test of the theory--the prediction of new facts. This is essential because from this flows the possibility of control by man of the forces of nature that are newly revealed.
Note how Marie Curie used deductive reasoning in order to push on. "This kind of detective work is basic to the methodology of science. Further, she was concerned with probability and not certainty-in her investigations. Also, although the Curies were doing the basic research work at great expense to themselves in hard physical toil, they knew that they were part of an international group of people all concerned with their search for truth. Their reports were published and immediately examined by scientists all over the world. Any flaws in their argument, would be pointed out to them immediately.
Which of the following is the most important in the steps in the scientific method?
选项
A、Collecting and organising the facts.
B、Stating a hypothesis.
C、Testing the hypothesis,
D、Publishing the theory.
答案
C
解析
第七段谈到进行科学研究的最后一个步骤是通过实践来检验理论,而且这个步骤是最重要的(This is essential),因此应选C。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/j5lO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
AccordingtoSamanthaHeller,peopletendtoeatmilkchocolatebecause
A______isavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgro
Accordingtothedoctor,KapsakandEkaUdo’schildrenAllofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageEXCEPTthat
Today,moreandmorecollegestudentsareindulgedinnetworkgames.Networkgamesaresoharmfulthatsomeofthemplaytruant,
Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheauthoriswhatkindofperson?Whydidn’tthewriter’swifeandfriendsaskhimwhatha
AccordingtoMr.Verleger,whatisthemostimportantchangeintheglobalenergyeconomyin30years?
EducationoutofschoolⅠ.Theoriginof"YouthHostel":AGermanschoolmasterstartedtheideaof"YouthHostel"in1907.-
TheReader’sDigestinvestigationaskedAmericanswhichwasthebiggestthreattothenation’sfuture--bigbusiness,biglaboro
Cooperationistheonlysafeguardwehaveagainstthedevelopmentofneurotictendencies.Itisthereforeveryimportantthatch
InanewbookcalledPredictions,someoftheworld’sgreatestthinkerspresentavisionofthefuturewithovertonesofascien
随机试题
为了测量遗忘,艾宾浩斯设计了
男性,32岁。心悸气短12年。查体:心尖部双期杂音,主动脉瓣区双期杂音,有水冲脉,枪击音。超声:二尖瓣前后叶增厚,主动脉瓣右、左冠瓣增厚,治疗最佳方案
实证闭经的主要机制是
A、沸腾制粒法B、滴制法C、研和法D、流延法E、热融法制备滴丸可采用()。
如果企业的价值观是企业与员工风险共担,则企业的薪酬管理原则应当是()。(2004年11月三级真题)
给定资料 1.2013年10月22日,北京市住建委发布“京七条”,2013年北京将推出2万套自住型商品房,2014年计划推出5万套左右。此类住房价格比周边商品住房低30%左右,面向全市符合限购条件的家庭;此类住房购买后五年内不得上市,五年后上市收益的3
列宁称马克思、恩格斯是“19世纪人类三个最先进国家中三种主要思潮的继承人和天才的完成者”。这里“三个最先进国家”指的是()。
设随机变量X,Y相互独立且都服从正态分布N(μ,σ2),若概率P(aX-bY<μ)=1/2,则()。
Mr.Yang’sEverbrightStonerecentlysignedacontractwithDeBeersbasedinSouthAfricatobeitsdesignateddistributorinE
HealthCareandEpidemics(流行病)Everyonesuffersfromdiseaseatsometimeoranother.However,millionsofpeoplearoundt
最新回复
(
0
)