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  3. The procedures followed by scholars studying literature are often unsatisfactory: the control over a cognitive project as a whol

The procedures followed by scholars studying literature are often unsatisfactory: the control over a cognitive project as a whol

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问题     The procedures followed by scholars studying literature are often unsatisfactory: the control over a cognitive project as a whole is often lost. The literary scholar seems to be collecting data— which is a preliminary operation—without making use of them. Like a diligent ant gathering food it will never eat, the contemporary literary scholar seems intent upon writing footnotes of a books he will never try to read.
    I propose that at the outset of a research project it is necessary to render explicit the questions the scholar will try to answer, what methods will be used and why and the reason why s / he thinks that it may be worthwhile answering such questions. More, the work of the people concerned with the study of literature seems casual. For instance, much research is devoted to one author, often on the occasion of an anniversary. Now there is no reason to think that our observations will be more valid, urgent, appropriate, useful, or interesting if the author of the texts we are concerned with was born or died or the texts were written fifty, one hundred, or two hundred years ago. This seems to be celebration and not research producing knowledge. It does not seem to make any sense to determine one’ s research program by looking at the calendar. The widespread habit of limiting the scope of a research project to a single author often leads to a confined understanding of the author and the texts, which, in turn, offers marginal results. The average literary scholar considers these results satisfactory. But for what purpose are they satisfactory?
    Often the research strategies and methods of the literary scholar are repetitive. A new operation that is analogous to previous ones is often considered worthwhile: it is on these premises that many texts concerning literature are produced and accepted. I propose instead that in a concrete project that tries to produce knowledge, any statement needs verification. But there is a point where it is unnecessary to repeat the same operation on new data, because the result has already been established: rather than additional confirmation of what is already known, it is the exploration of what is still unknown that deserves priority. Contemporary literary research seems to be based on habits that originated in the past and that bear little resemblance to research projects as they are intended now in other fields. If our main aim were the proposal of some objects as cultural models, then it would be useful to our purpose to try to attract our society’ s attention toward these objects and the persons who produced them. It would be reasonable to perform our actions on the occasion of anniversaries, because we would not be doing research, but celebration and propaganda. Celebration aims at confirming certitudes and strengthening bonds of solidarity among the participants. It does not produce knowledge, but it confirms what is already known. Legitimating by means of the power of words has been for many centuries the main job of the man of letters.
In paragraph 3, sentence 2, the words "to previous ones" refers to_____.
选项 A、previous authors written about by others
B、earlier scholars who wrote comparative literary works
C、earlier methods for research
D、repeats of research
答案C
解析 文章第三段第一、二句“Often the research strategies and methods of the literary scholar are repetitive．A new operation that is analogous to previous ones is often considered worthwhile：it is on these premises that many texts concerning literature are produced and accepted．”通过分析句子结构，可知这里的A new operation指的是一种新的研究策略和方法。A new operation that is analogous to previous ones is often considered worthwhile则指大家都认为与以前类似的新方法是可用的。所以这里的previous ones指的是以前的研究方法。由此得出答案是C。
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