首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The Commercialisation of Science and Technology Science and technology and the role of commercialisation in that area are very
The Commercialisation of Science and Technology Science and technology and the role of commercialisation in that area are very
admin
2013-06-12
69
问题
The Commercialisation of Science and Technology
Science and technology and the role of commercialisation in that area are very interesting question. And it’s an issue which is going to be increasingly important, world wide.
Ⅰ. An overview of the relationship between science & technology and research development & innovation:
1)Science -- which is done to (1)new basic knowledge. 【1】______.
Generally, that’s done in the universities, the government-
funded (2)and larger international companies. 【2】______.
2)Technology -- to do with the (3)of science. 【3】______.
It turns scientific discoveries into a useful product, or a useful service.
3)Research, development and innovation are (4): 【4】______.
A. Research -- close]y related to basic sciences.
B. Development -- the process of taking the (5)scientific 【5】______.
idea or item and running it through to the development of
products and services.
C. Innovation -- putting the (6)into the market place. 【6】______.
Ⅱ. Proplems in commercialisation of technology:
1)The first one -- not getting enough funding to develop scientific ideas
into useful products and services;
2)Another one -- only 1/10 ideas taken to the final (7); 【7】______.
3)The third one -- Most people cannot guarantee a (8)return on their 【8】______.
investment.
Ⅲ. Companies and (9)ideas: 【9】______.
1)Because of various reasons, the technology would likely become outmoded;
2)Some companies (10)other specialized individuals or organisations 【10】______.
to do research on their behalf;
3)Governments need to encourage and facilitate the interaction of the domestic
firms with overseas companies.
【2】
The Commercialisation of Science and Technology
Good morning, everyone. I’d like to welcome you all to our series of lectures on "Excellence in Science"--and I must say, judging by the numbers of you in the audience out there, this is the most popular lecture we have had all year! So rather than take up any more of your time, I’d like to introduce my own topic "The Commercialisation of Science and Technology". Science and technology and the role of commercialisation in that area are very interesting question. And it’s an issue which is going to be increasingly important, world wide. Let me just begin by giving you an overview of the relationship between science and technology and research development and innovation. These are terms which people often use as ff they mean the same thing. Essentially, science is that which is done to generate new basic knowledge, knowledge in areas Where nobody has previously researched. Generally, that’s done in the universities and the government funded research centers, of one sort or another. The larger international companies also do some of that, their own research I mean. Technology is really to do with the application of science.
It turns scientific discoveries into a useful product, or a useful service. If I may compare scientific and technology, I could say that science provides the fundamental knowledge that explains a phenomenon, whereas technology takes that understanding and transforms it into a useful thing. It’s very much like a pendulum and a click. The pendulum is the part of a clock whose movement, back and forth, makes a clock work. The click is the useful product that has a function of telling the time. Therefore, science can be compared to that swinging motion within the clock and technology is the total object -- the clock. That’s the sort of difference you’re looking at.
Research, development and innovation are aligned, in that research is closely related to basic sciences. Development is the process of taking the basic scientific idea or item and running it through to the development of products and services. Innovation is really about putting that product and service into the market place. So innovation is about the creation of a new of ideas and products and a new set of ways of delivering them.
Now in terms of commercialisation of technology, the most important thing nowadays is the difficulty that countries have with funding. That is, getting enough money with which to develop scientific ideas into useful products and services. It’s very expensive. For every dollar you spend on basic research, it costs a company $10 in development and another $10 in marketing. Many companies today just cannot afford that.
The other thing of course, is for every profitable research idea, there’s an average of nine ideas that come to nothing. So, only one out of ten is taken to the final production stage. I’ll stop here to answer a question asked by some people who would like to know what happens to all of those so-called "unsuccessful" ideas.
Yes it’s a continuing problem. Most of them are, of course, lost forever. A dew may eventually reach the production stage through the persistent efforts of interested individuals but this requires a great deal of time and finance on the part of the inventor, or owner of the idea. Most people, however, just don’t have enough resources to invest in a product that cannot guarantee a profitable return on their investment. No more questions? OK. Now, returning to my last point about companies and research ideas. Many ideas look wonderful on paper but they are often impossible to utilize in an inexpensive enough manner, or, having done so, the product doesn’t really work, or it’s unacceptable for various reasons. So before too long, the technology becomes outmoded, it becomes old technology--like record players. For example, you don’t see companies today investing money in, record players do you? Why bother? I imagine that in the not too distant future, young people won’t even know what a record is. At present, them seems to be a movement in the commercialisation of research and development towards the need for companies, large and small, to subcontract. That is, companies pay other specialized individuals or organisations to do research on their behalf. It’s becoming the practical solution. It’s only the very large companies who still retain their own research and development units. So occasionally, there’s a situation where a company has to commercialise but can’t do it alone. It has to get help. Sometimes, this help may come from smaller company, or, what’s happening more often these days, companies turn to universities and ask them for assistance with the development of new technologies. You find that’s a world wide movement. It happens in Europe, the United States, Asia, Austria, wherever. It’s important that governments understand the need to continuously research and develop, and governments should be aware of this need for domestic companies to work closely with firms overseas. The reality is on an international scale, if a company wants to be part of an international movement, governments need to encourage and facilitate the interaction of the domestic firm with its overseas counterparts. This doesn’t always happen because of the huge costs involved in doing so.
However, it’s an exciting period, a very, very exciting period for science and technology. Now, returning to my point about the need for further research and development it seems to me that today...
选项
答案
research centers
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/jM4O777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Intheyearsfollowingthe1977DietaryGoalsandthe1982NationalAcademyofSciencesreportondietandcancer,thefoodindu
WheredoesthefinancialsupportofElectroOpticSystems’lasertrackingtechnologycomefrom?
WheredoesthefinancialsupportofElectroOpticSystems’lasertrackingtechnologycomefrom?
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisorfindthegiftedfewandt
Israelisa"powerhouseofagriculturaltechnology",saysAbrahamGorenofElbitImaging(EI),anIsraelimultinational.Thecou
TheGameoftheNameHerecomesJohnSmithwalkingtowardme.Eventhoughheisbutapassingacquaintance,theAmericangre
Accordingtotheinterviewer,whatattitudedomostyoungpeopleholdtowardskeepinghealthy?
Accordingtotheinterviewer,whatattitudedomostyoungpeopleholdtowardskeepinghealthy?
Accordingtotheinterviewer,whatattitudedomostyoungpeopleholdtowardskeepinghealthy?
随机试题
发生于截石位6、12点的结缔组织外痔多合并:
A.油脂性基质B.水溶性基质C.栓剂基质D.乳化剂E.气雾剂的抛射剂二甲基硅油
妊娠期妇女口腔保健的内容应包括,除了
50岁女性,汽车撞伤左小腿,局部肿痛畸形,反常活动,有片状皮肤擦伤出血,现场紧急处理时最重要的是
弹性滑动是由()引起的,弹性滑动是()避免的。
上述材料质量标准应达到( )。合同的履行以( )为前提和依据。
2013年7月5日,甲公司与乙公司协商债务重组,同意免去乙公司前欠款中的10万元,剩余款项在2013年9月30日支付;同时约定,截至2013年9月30日,乙公司如果经营状况好转,现金流量充裕,应再偿还甲公司6万元。当日,甲公司估计这6万元届时被偿还的可能性
纳税人发生下列()情形,不能按期纳税,经省级税务机关批准,可延期3个月纳税。
沧海桑田,斗转星移,多少______的作家暗淡了他们昔日的风采。然而,朱自清和他的散文却没有从文学历史的长河中消失。他那匆匆离去的背影,似乎已经遥远,却又愈发显得______。他的散文具有一种独特的抒情风格——质朴真挚、委婉蕴藉而又不失清新活泼,显出一种_
朋友从网络上传来著名生物学家道金斯《解析彩虹》中译本书稿嘱评。其中提到诗人济慈认为牛顿用三棱镜将太阳光分解成红、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫的光谱,使彩虹的诗意丧失殆尽,因此科学不仅不美,还会破坏美感。这位19世纪英国著名诗人的声音在当代也会产生回响。
最新回复
(
0
)