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  3. In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcem

In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcem

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问题     In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcement’ were introduced. In an educational setting, these (1)_____ could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2)_____, or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3)_____ in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teacher’s first action is called the (4)_____. The pupil’s action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5)_____ the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6)_____, the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond is weakened, and reinforcement is (7)_____
    Some psychologists laid great (8)_____ on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9)_____ that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. (10)_____, if his homework is not marked regularly, he will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teacher’s questions are (11)_____ or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any.
    Educational psychologists are, (12)_____, moving away from this simple, early (13)_____ of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to be more (14)_____ than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15)_____ the stimulus-response bond. It may (16)_____ confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17)_____ misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material have been learned. Thus (18)_____ may have the effect of increasing the learner’s confidence, backing up his previously (19)_____ knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20)_____ grasped.

选项 A、much
B、seldom
C、never
D、also
答案A
解析 语义衔接题。本句中的"指代前一句中提到的feedback。这里是说feedback的作用：确定先前学到的知识和与之相关的东西。根据常识可以判断，feedback(反馈)是带有评估性的东西，能够检验学习效果，因此这里应该填入much，表明在很大程度上能够检验学习效果。seldom意为"很少，不经常"，never意为"从未，决不"，如果是很少能够验证学习效果，或者根本验证不出，那么就没有反馈的必要，故排除这两项；also意为"而且，也"，这个词表示递进关系，这里没有递进关系的语境。
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