2. 外语
  3. No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever co

No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever co

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问题     No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, that by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental quality which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. While many people have made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox thinking was for a time suspended. Where there is an unspoken convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when prolonged arguments avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to rouse enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of thinking beings.
    He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side, and if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that, he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of opponents from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their seemingly reasonable and persuasive for Man: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; otherwise he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition, and even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know. They have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say.
According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
选项 A、The majority of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only one side of an issue.
B、Heterodox principles will lead to many errors in thinking.
C、Most educated people study both sides of a question and argue forcefully.
D、It is wise to get both sides of a debatable issue from one’s teachers.
答案A
解析 第二段说，在辩论一问题时，如果只了解己方的理由，不了解对方的理由，那么就无法驳倒对方，而且这也不是正确处理论据的方法。该段倒数第三句话说，即使是那 些能滔滔不绝地为自己的意见辩护的人，也有99％是属于这种情况。由此可知，A项说法正确。
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