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  3. Why has crime in the U.S. declined so dramatically since the 1990s? Economists and sociologists have offered a bounty of rea

Why has crime in the U.S. declined so dramatically since the 1990s? Economists and sociologists have offered a bounty of rea

admin2017-01-17  69
问题     Why has crime in the U.S. declined so dramatically since the 1990s?
    Economists and sociologists have offered a bounty of reasons, including more police, more security technology, more economic growth, more immigration, more imprisonment, and so on.
    The "real" answer is almost certainly a combination of these factors, rather than one of them to the exclusion of the rest. But a new paper adds a surprising variable to the mix. What if the decline of crime in America started with the decline of cash?
    Cash is critical to the health of an underground economy, because it’s anonymous, nearly untraceable, and easily stolen. This makes it the lifeblood of the black market.
    But Americans are rapidly abandoning cash thanks to credit cards, debit cards, and mobile payments. Half a century ago, cash was used in 80 percent of U.S. payments. Now that figure is about 50 percent, according to researchers.
    In the 1980s, the federal government switched from paper money to electronic benefit transfers. They didn’t switch all at once. They switched one county at a time within states. This created a kind of randomly controlled environment for the researchers, who studied Missouri’s counties to establish whether the areas that switched from welfare cash to electronic transfers saw a concurrent decline in crime.
    The results were striking: The shift away from cash was associated with "a significant decrease in the overall crime rate and the specific offenses of burglary and assault in Missouri and a decline in arrests." In other words, the counties saw a decline in specific crimes when they switched away from cash welfare.
    Perhaps most interestingly, they found that the switch to electronic transfers reduced robbery but not rape, suggesting that the move away from cash only had an impact on crime related to getting and spending cash.
    The move toward cashlessness in the U.S. continues quickly. Google now lets you attach money to e-mails to send to friends, which means that for some shoppers, pulling out your credit card could become as rare as finding exact change in your coin purse. It might seem absurd to imagine Visa, Square, and Google Wallet as crime-fighting technologies. But with a better understanding of how cash’ s availability affects crime, perhaps the government should consider killing more than just the penny.
Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this text?
选项 A、Why has Crime in America Declined since the 1990s
B、How the Decline of Cash Makes America a Safer Country
C、The Impacts of the Decline of Cash in America
D、The Relations between Cash and Crime
答案B
解析 主旨题。本文前两段列举了20世纪90年代以来美国的犯罪情况急剧减少的因素。第三段承上启下，提出犯罪率下降是否和减少现金使用有关。第四段指出使用现金为什么容易导致犯罪。第五段至第八段通过研究说明减少现金使用有助于减少和现金支付有关的犯罪。第九段指出美国无现金进程加快，指出减少现金使用确实可以在一定程度上减少犯罪。整篇文章围绕两个关键词cash和crime展开论述。因此只有B项“减少现金使用如何使美国变得更安全"为正确答案。A项“20世纪90年代以来美国的犯罪情况为何下降”，没有提到现金的作用。C项“减少现金使用对美国的影响”，没有提到对犯罪的影响。D项“现金与犯罪的关系”过于宽泛，没有紧扣减少现金使用可减少犯罪这个中心主题。
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