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  3. A ) These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of

A ) These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of

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问题 A ) These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to "win" an argument.
B ) Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.
C ) None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.
D ) Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions— like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.
E ) In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "there is only one way... to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it." This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives—and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
F ) These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win—in one way.
G ) There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes," and I yell, "No," neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.
Order:
【B11】→【B12】→F→【B13】→【B14】→C→【B15】
【B14】
选项
答案B
解析 首先理解在全文中段落G是作者提出新观点的段落，是“立”的概念，而全文在段落G之前信息是“破”，即是对Carnegie观点的误差的阐述。既然段落G的主题是提出更好的新观点，段落G一定是阐述新观点如何好，所以可以注意到段落G中的信息基本是一连串的正面信息，比如“better、reasonable、understand、recognize、care about”等等。把握了段落G的这个主线信息，去对比分析剩余的两个选项，很容易注意到选项B的首句信息是“of course，many discussions are not so successful．”这里的“so successful”是明显的指代概念，说明文章的前文一定提及过“successful”的概念，而段落G恰恰是详细阐述新观点的成功之处。相反，选项A的开头出现的信息是“These tools can help you win every argument”，这里的“These tools”是复数的概念，指代的是很多方法，而段落G并没有提出多种具体的方法，无法由“These tools”指代。综合上述分析，本题答案为选项B。
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