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  3. HOW SOIL IS FORMED (1) Soil formation is a dynamic process that takes place in different environments. It is strongly influe

HOW SOIL IS FORMED (1) Soil formation is a dynamic process that takes place in different environments. It is strongly influe

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问题                                                 HOW SOIL IS FORMED
    (1) Soil formation is a dynamic process that takes place in different environments. It is strongly influenced by the parent material, climate (largely vegetation and temperature and water exchanges), topography (the elevations, depressions, directions and angles of slopes, and other surface features of the landscape), and time.
    (2) The parent material is the unconsolidated mass on which soil formation takes place. This material may or may not be derived from the on-site geological substrate or bedrock on which it rests. Parent materials can be transported by wind, water, glaciers, and gravity and deposited on top of bedrock. Because of the diversity of materials involved, soils derived from transported parent materials are commonly more fertile than soils from parent materials derived in place. Whatever the parent material, whether derived in place from bedrock or from transported materials, it ultimately comes from geological materials, such as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, and the composition of the rocks largely determines the chemical composition of the soil.
    (3) Climate is most influential in determining the nature and intensity of weathering and the type of vegetation that further affects soil formation. The soil material experiences daily and seasonal variations in heating and cooling. Open surfaces exposed to thermal radiation undergo the greatest daily fluctuations in heating and cooling, soils covered with vegetation the least. Hill slopes facing the sun absorb more heat than those facing away from the sun. Radiant energy has a pronounced effect on the moisture regime, especially the evaporative process and dryness. Temperature can stimulate or inhibit biogeochemical reactions in soil material.
    (4) Water is involved in all biogeochemical reactions in the soil because it is the carrier of the acids that influence the weathering process. Water enters the soil material as a liquid and leaves it as a liquid by percolation (the slow movement of water through the soil’s pores) and as a gas through evaporation. The water regime—the water flow over a given time—in soil material is sporadic, and in many parts of the Earth is highly seasonal. Water that enters the soil during heavy rainfall and snow melt moves down through the soil. As it moves, it leaves behind suspended material and may carry away mineral matter in solution, a process called leaching. On sloping land, water distributes materials laterally (sideways) through the soil.
    (5) Topography is a major factor in soil development. [A] More water runs off and less enters the soil on steep slopes than on relatively level land. [B] Water draining from slopes enters the soil on low and flat land. [C] Thus soils and soil material tend to be dry on slopes and moist and wet on the low land. [D] Steep slopes are subject to surface erosion and soil creep—the down slope movement of soil material, which accumulates on lower slopes and lowlands.
    (6) Vegetation, animals, bacteria, and fungi all contribute to the formation of soil. Vegetation, in particular, is responsible for organic material in the soil and influences its nutrient content. For example, forests store most of their organic matter on the surface, whereas in grasslands most of the organic matter added to the soil comes from the deep fibrous root systems. Organic acids produced by vegetation accelerate the weathering process.
    (7) The weathering of rock material and the accumulation, decomposition, and mineralization of organic material require considerable time. Well-developed soils in equilibrium with weathering, erosion, and biotic influences may require 2,000 to 20,000 years for their formation, but soil differentiation from parent material may take place in as short a time as 30 years. Certain acid soils in humid regions develop in 2,000 years because the leaching process is speeded by acidic materials. Parent materials heavy in texture require a much longer time to develop into soils because of an impeded downward flow of water. Soils develop more slowly in dry regions than in humid ones. Soils on steep slopes often remain poorly developed regardless of geological age because rapid erosion removes soil nearly as fast as it is formed. Floodplain soils age little through time because of the continuous accumulation of new materials. Such soils are not deeply weathered and are more fertile than geologically old soils because they have not been exposed to the leaching process as long. The latter soils tend to be infertile because of long-time leaching of nutrients without replacement from fresh material.
Paragraph 6 supports which of the following ideas about organic material in soil?
选项 A、Most of the organic material in soil comes from fibrous root systems.
B、How organic material is distributed in soil depends on the type of vegetation the soil supports.
C、The organic material in soil prevents acids from forming during the weathering process.
D、Animals, bacteria, and fungi consume much of the nutrient content in soil.
答案B
解析 本题问第6段支持以下哪个关于土壤中有机物质的观点，属于事实信息题。第6段第2句表明植被对于土壤形成的重要性；第3句举了森林和草原的例子，表明土壤中有机物质的分布取决于覆盖土壤的植被类型。因此，B项“有机物质在土壤中的分布取决于覆盖土壤的植被类型”最符合题意。A项“土壤中大部分的有机物质来自须根系”，但根据第6段第3句，这种现象只是针对在草原上的土壤而言，而在森林中，土壤中的有机物质存储在地表，故A项内容与原文不符。C项“土壤中的有机物质防止酸在风化过程中形成”在原文中没有依据，原文只是说植被产生的有机酸加速了风化过程，故可排除C项。D项“动物、细菌和真菌消耗了土壤中的大部分养分”，原文并未提及这些物质消耗了土壤中的养分，只是在第6段第1句提到了它们有助于土壤的形成，故排除D项。
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