首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
•Look at the statements below and the five extracts from an article about "Dilution" of control inward and outward. •Which artic
•Look at the statements below and the five extracts from an article about "Dilution" of control inward and outward. •Which artic
admin
2010-01-28
95
问题
•Look at the statements below and the five extracts from an article about "Dilution" of control inward and outward.
•Which article (A, B, C, D or E) does each statement 1—8 refer to?
•For each statement 1—8, mark one letter (A, B, C, D or E) on your Answer Sheet.
•You will need to use some of these letters more than once.
A
One dimension of loss of control in management might be labeled "inward", toward computers, via artificial intelligence and greater sophistication in general. In this ever more pervasive environment, control flows not toward subordinates or teams, but toward electronics. Circuits, memory, and software seem to replace what is in a manager’s head. One specific example might be the confrontations between man and’ electronics in chess matches. Granted, winning at chess does not have to mean that "the machines are taking over" any more than cloning a sheep automatically presages doing so with people. Nevertheless, these events should provoke serious thought. In 1997, an IBM computer called "Deep Blue" was pitted against world champion Gary Kasparov and beat him in a majority of matches, although earlier in the year the reverse was true. Nagging questions arise.. Can the creation surpass the creator? Are humans kidding themselves by thinking they will always be "smarter than the machine"?
B
Management, of course, represents only one part of society, but such questions are relevant here too. Programmed decision-making is likely to broaden; inevitably, some would say. One reason is, simply, "What can be done will be done." Another is that this is essentially applying technology to what management has always been advised to do: set policies. Once made, "generic" decisions can be efficient time-savers. One "maxi-decision" can replace repetitive, similar "mini-decisions". However, both people and situations are infinitely variable. Is it possible to anticipate everything, even with sophisticated software deploying gigabytes of memory and the ability to "learn" by past mistakes? It will not happen overnight, but the potential clearly exists.
C
In addition to a threatened loss of control inward, other threats have also developed, all oriented "outward". One example is outsourcing in general, and using temporary employment agencies in particular. By trying to reduce costs, companies have discovered that letting specializing firms perform certain work can increase efficiency. Often they can remove a substantial work burden and save money at the same time, such as with the initial screening of job applicants. Regardless of advantages, however, if such efforts are not done well and monitored closely, they risk entropy and decrease management control.
D
Temporary employment, or "temp" agencies can involve similar advantages and risks. Because people employed this way are often paid less, have less generous benefits, and are less likely to have union membership security, their services can be obtained at substantial cost savings to employers. One risk here is displaced loyalty. Because control follows the dollar, and because temp workers are paid directly by the temp agency, problems can be encountered. Even among permanent workers, employee loyalty is said to be weaker today than earlier. Though not inevitable, a danger exists because a more tenuous relationship is present when a firm employs people only temporarily. Less loyalty, with all the inherent implications, can again mean less management control.
E
Telecommuting has become another potential challenge to management control. Work formerly done at the office is now done at home, on the road, at satellite offices or at dedicated neighborhood facilities typically shared by employees of several firms. Working at home can have many advantages. However, a disadvantage not yet fully appreciated is how remote control of employees working at widely scattered locations is likely to affect managing. "Remote" can be interpreted as outward migration of the essential control function. "Outward" in turn, can easily translate into "less" or at least "more difficult". Supervision at a distance, even with instant communication, can require more skills than when employees are physically observable.
Supervising employees by remote control requires more skills than when employees are within physical reach.
选项
答案
E
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/kvKd777K
本试题收录于:
BEC高级阅读题库BEC商务英语分类
0
BEC高级阅读
BEC商务英语
相关试题推荐
Lookatthegraphic.Whatcolorpaintwillthewomanmostlikelychoose?
Lookatthegraphic.Whichcellphoneplanwillthemanmostlikelychoose?
Inthispartofthetest,youareaskedtogiveashorttalkonabusinesstopic.Youhavetochooseoneofthetopicsfromthe
(Thecandidatechoosesonetopicandspeaksaboutitforoneminute.)A.Technology:theimportanceoftrainingstaffinhowto
Task5StaffTurnoverAsseveralmembersofstaffhaverecentlyleftthecompanyyouworkfor,themanagementisinvestigatingt
Theinterlocutorasksyouquestionsonanumberofwork-relatedandnonwork-relatedsubjects.
TASKONE—ADVANTAGE•Forquestions13—17,matchtheextractswiththeadvantages,listedA—H.•Foreachextract,choosetheadv
TASKONE—ADVANTAGE•Forquestions13—17,matchtheextractswiththeadvantages,listedA—H.•Foreachextract,choosetheadv
TASKONE--THELISTENEROFTHETALK•Forquestions13-17,matchtheextractswiththepeople,listedA-H.•Foreachextract,deci
•Readthetextbelowaboutthelogistics.•Inmostofthelines41-52thereisoneextraword.Itiseithergrammaticallyinco
随机试题
Youshould(check)theairinthe(tires)(as)you(starton)alongautomobiletrip.
Croohn病从口腔至肛门各段消化道均可受累,呈
男性,65岁,反复咳嗽、咳痰20年,1周前受凉后畏寒、发热、咳脓痰、气急。体检:体温37.5℃,呼吸急促,双肺呼吸音减弱,有较多湿哕音,下肢轻度水肿。最主要的治疗措施是
滞后指标是指那些滞后于经济活动变化的经济指标。下列指标属于滞后指标的是( )。
某商业企业拥有的下列资产中,不得计提折旧在企业所得税前扣除的是()。
本题涉及劳动合同法律制度。甲公司从事建筑工程作业,其在外地设有一处分公司,并且已取得营业执照;2011年7月1日,因新项目建设需要,分公司决定新招一批建筑工人。随后分公司在当地招聘了包括小王和小李在内的10名工人,8月1日开始工作。乙公司与应聘个人口头约定
为了调查当前人们的识字水平,其实验者列举了20个词语,请30位文化人士识读,这些人的文化程度都在大专以上。识读结果显示,多数人只读对3到5个词语,极少数人读对15个以上,甚至有人全部读错。其中,“蹒跚”的辨识率最高,30人中有19人读对;“呱呱坠地”所有人
“个体或群体重复获得相同奖赏的次数越多,则该奖赏对个体的价值越小”,这是霍曼斯社会交换论的()。
赵、钱、孙、李四人的血型各不相同,即他们的血型各是A,B,O,AB四种血型中的一种。赵说:“我是A型。”钱说:“我是O型。”孙说:“我是AB型。”李说:“我不是AB型。”结果发现,四个人的话中,只有一个人的话是假的。根据上述情况,以下哪项成立?
Howdomostpeoplegettheirnewsinyourcountry?
最新回复
(
0
)