首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Rocket Renaissance The Ear of Private Spaceflight Is About to Start Background Two years ago, people witnessed the first spa
Rocket Renaissance The Ear of Private Spaceflight Is About to Start Background Two years ago, people witnessed the first spa
admin
2013-06-17
35
问题
Rocket Renaissance
The Ear of Private Spaceflight Is About to Start
Background
Two years ago, people witnessed the first space travel by SpaceShip One. Three people were involved in this flight: Burt Rutan, who designed the craft, and Mike Melvill, who flew it--although they were ably assisted by Paul Allen, one of the founders of Microsoft, who paid for it. Certainly, people have long been known that manned spaceflight was possible. What they showed was that it is not just a game for governments. Private individuals can play, too.
People involved
Now, lots of people want to join in, and most of them have just met up at the International Space Development Conference in Los Angeles, to engage in that mixture of camaraderie and competition that characterises the beginnings of a new technology. And, as might be expected, they have two of the necessary ingredients of success: ideas and money.
First, the money. So far, more than $1 billion is known to have been committed to building private spaceships and the infrastructure to support them. For example, Mr.. Rum’ s follow-up vehicle, SpaceShip Two, is expected to cost its backers, Virgin Galactic, $240m for a fleet of five. The spaceport in New Mexico from which these are intended to fly will account for another $225m, although New Mexico’s government is planning to raise this money itself.
These are not small sums, of course. On the other hand, Virgin Galactic has already banked $14m of deposits towards the $200,000 fare from people who want to travel on SpaceShip Two, even though it has yet to be built, let alone flown.
All this suggests that spaceflight, if not exactly entering the age of the common man, is at least entering the age of the moderately prosperous enthusiast. For entrepreneurs, it is no longer necessary to have billions of dollars to get into space; millions will now do. And for those who merely wish to travel there, and have enough money in their bank account, reality is favourable.
Get started
As with aircraft a century ago, a lot of designs are competing with each other, and there is no certainty about which will succeed. The initial goal is to build a "suborbital" vehicle. This will not have to develop the tremendous speed needed to go into orbit around the Earth. instead, it will travel briefly into space, offering a short thrilling ride out of the atmosphere, a few minutes of weightlessness, and a spectacular view of the planet from about 100kin. Four important criteria are how you take off, what fuel you use, what your craft is made of, and how you come back.
Most people’s vision of a rocket launch is straight up from the ground. But, of the five vehicles most likely to be developed, two will actually be launched from the air. SpaceShip Two will be carded to high altitude by a purpose-built aircraft known as Eve before its rocket motor is ignited. And Explorer, a vehicle being designed by Space Adventures, will be launched from the top of a high-altitude Russian research plane called the M-55X, according to Eric Anderson, the firm’s president and chief executive.
As Dennis Jenkins, a consultant engineer at NASA, America’s space agency, points out, this is similar to using a two-stage rocket to get into space, with the aircraft acting as the first stage. However, a plane offers several advantages over a throw-away booster rocket. First, it can be used again. Second, it uses oxygen from the air, rather than having to carry its own oxidant, which saves weight. Third, it is lifted by wings. That means the atmosphere is an advantage, rather than a hindrance. All this means that the spacecraft itself can be lighter and cheaper.
Not everyone wants to run two vehicles, though. Jeff Greason, president of XCOR Aerospace, a firm based in Mojave, California, is developing a two-person, ground-launched suborbital rocketplane called Xerus. Launching from the ground, says Mr. Greason, is more difficult than air launching, but he reckons that in this case it has significantly lower operating costs.
Fuel choices
The second important design choice is the type of fuel. Unlike a jet engine, a rocket carries its own oxidant (氧第剂). This is why it can operate in space. Sometimes that oxidant is oxygen itself, in liquid form. In that case the fuel, too, is usually liquid-either kerosene (煤油) or liquid hydrogen (氢) —and the two liquids are stored in separate tanks until they meet in the rocket’s combustion chamber. Alternatively, both fuel and oxidant are solid, and are loaded pre-mixed, like the propellant of a firework rocket.
SpaceShip Two, though, follows the design of SpaceShip One and is powered by a mixture of the two. The combustion chamber of a mixture is partly filled with solid fuel but no oxidant. However, the fuel is coated round the inside of the chamber, leaving a hole through the middle into which a liquid or gaseous oxidant can be pumped, and out of which the exhaust emerges. In SpaceShip One, the fuel was rubber and the oxidant a liquefied gas called nitrous oxide (一氧化二氮).
Proponents of mixture say they are safer than either pure solid or pure liquid rockets. George Whittinghill, Virgin Galactic’s chief technologist, says that they are safer than solid rockets because the flow of oxidant can be controlled, and combustion halted, if there is a problem. Solid rockets, like the fireworks they resemble, cannot be stopped until they run out of fuel. On the other hand liquid-fuelled engines, though they can be shut down, are complex and temperamental. As Mr. Whittinghill observes, "they have pumps, seals, valves and lines everywhere, and there is a lot that potentially could go wrong."
All this rather irrates those working on liquid propulsion. Richard Pournelle, head of investor relations at XCOR Aerospace, says the comparison is unfair. Liquid propulsion is routine in rocketry while hybrids are still rare. Numbers alone, therefore, mean that liquid-fuelled rockets blow up more often. That, Mr. Pournelle argues, does not prove that they are inherently unsafe. Chuck Lauer, vice- president of business development for Rocketplane, another firm going down the liquid-fuelled route, agrees and argues that kerosene is widely used as aviation fuel and nobody complains that it is unsafe.
Proponents of mixture say that they are______than either pure solid or pure liquid rockets.
选项
答案
safer
解析
根据题干中的proponent和liquid rocket可将相关信息定位于倒数第二段的第一句
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/l107777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
TipsfortheSoloTravelerWhenitcomestotraveling,sometimestakingajourneyalonecanbegreat.Travelingsoloallows
Mostpeoplewhotravellongdistancescomplainofjetlag(喷气飞行时差反应).Jetlagmakesbusinesstravelerslessproductiveandmorepr
Mostpeoplewhotravellongdistancescomplainofjetlag(喷气飞行时差反应).Jetlagmakesbusinesstravelerslessproductiveandmorepr
Manystudentsfindtheexperienceofattendinguniversitylecturestobeareallyconfusingand【C1】______experience.Thelecture
A、Thatdrugsshouldnotbeusedwithoutdoctorsadvice.B、Thatdrugsandsubstancesaredifferent.C、Thatsubstancesshouldbeu
Religionevokesstrongreactionsinpeople.Inthenameofreligion,peoplehaveinvadedcountriesandfoughtwars.Topreventt
Itiseasiertonegotiateinitialsalaryrequirement.Becauseonceyouareinside,the【S1】______constraintsinfluencewageincre
Itiseasiertonegotiateinitialsalaryrequirement.Becauseonceyouareinside,the【S1】______constraintsinfluencewageincre
TOEICistheTestofEnglishforInternationalCommunication.Itmeasuresthe【B1】______ofpeopletocommunicateintheworkplac
TOEICistheTestofEnglishforInternationalCommunication.Itmeasuresthe【B1】______ofpeopletocommunicateintheworkplac
随机试题
A.金银花B.连翘C.蒲公英D.生地黄E.牡丹皮
向患者提供的用药咨询的主要内容包括
下列关于我国宪法的实施保障制度的表述中,正确的选项是:
局域网是指将各种计算机网络设备互连在一起的通信网络,但其覆盖的地理范围有限,通常在()。
下列关于工程项目费用控制的表述中,正确的是()。
某家电销售企业为增值税一般纳税人。2015年6月H型空调80台,每台含税价款2925元;采取“以旧换新”方式销售同型号空调20台,每台旧空调作价585元,实际每台收取款项2340元。根据增值税法律制度的规定,该企业当月上述业务增值税销项税额为()元
如图所示,不计电阻的光滑平行金属导轨长s=2m,两导轨间距L=0.75m,导轨倾角为30°,导轨上端ab,下端cd各接一定值电阻R1、R2,R1=R2=3.0Ω,磁感应强度B=0.8T的匀强磁场垂直轨道平面向上,阻值r=0.5Ω,质量m=0.2kg的金属棒
首先,如果一个国家经济水平不够的话,高速铁路不但修建起来很困难,而且在今后的运营管理及维护中,控制成本、实现盈利也将存在难度。这也是高速铁路在德国、日本、法国等发达国家起步比较早、发展比较好的一个原因。其次,高速铁路的研发体现出一个国家整个产业链的研发水平
根据以下资料。回答86—90题。根据资料,下列说法错误的是()。
该公司收入最多的是( )该公司收入小于支出的共有几个月?( )
最新回复
(
0
)