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  3. The following two excerpts are about artificial intelligence or AI, an old technology with recent progress, thanks to Deep Learn

The following two excerpts are about artificial intelligence or AI, an old technology with recent progress, thanks to Deep Learn

admin2021-08-06  85
问题    The following two excerpts are about artificial intelligence or AI, an old technology with recent progress, thanks to Deep Learning—a new way of algorism. From the excerpts, you can find that AI has a wide application in many fields but there have also been doubt and criticism.
   Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS, in which you should:
   1.   summarize the different responses to AI, and then
   2.   express your opinion towards AI, especially whether the worries about it are justified.
   Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
   Write your article on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.
   Excerpt
                                      March of the Machines
   It was not quite a whitewash, but it was close. When DeepMind, a London-based artificial intelligence (AI) company challenged Lee Sedol to a five-game Go match, Mr Lee—one of the best human players of that ancient and notoriously taxing board game—confidently predicted that he would win 5 - 0, or maybe 4 -1.
   He was right about the score, but wrong about the winner. The match, played in Seoul to crowds on the edges of their seats and streamed to millions online, was won by the computer, four games to one.
   Ever since Garry Kasparov, a chess grandmaster, lost to a computer in 1997, Go—which is far harder for machines—has been an unconquered frontier. AlphaGo’s win demonstrates the power of "deep learning" , an AI technique being used by firms such as Google, Amazon and Baidu for everything from face-recognition to serving advertisements on websites. As the name implies, deep learning allows computers to extract patterns from masses of data with little human hand-holding. Given enough data, "deep" neural networks, modelled on the brain’s architecture, can be trained to do all kinds of things. They power Google’s search engine, Facebook’s automatic photo tagging, Apple’s voice assistant, and Amazon’s shopping recommendations.
   " What got people excited about artificial intelligence is that deep learning can be applied to so many different domains," says John Giannandrea, head of machine-intelligence research at Google.  Google is using AI to boost the quality of its web-search results, understand commands spoken into smartphones, help people search their photos for particular images, and suggest automatic answers to e-mails.
   Excerpt
                                             Worries over AI
   After many false dawns, AI has made extraordinary progress in the past few years. But this rapid progress has also led to concerns about safety and job losses. Experts warn that " the substitution of machinery for human labor" may "render the population redundant". They worry that "the discovery of this mighty power" has come "before we knew how to employ it rightly". Such fears are expressed today by those who worry that advances in artificial intelligence (AI) could destroy millions of jobs and pose a " Terminator"-style threat to humanity. A widely cited study by Carl Benedikt Frey and Mocjael Osborne of Oxford University, published in 2013, found that 47% of jobs in America were at high risk of being substituted by computer capital soon. More recently Bank of America Merrill Lynch predicted that by 2025 the annual creative disruption impact from AI could amount to $ 12 trillion - 33 trillion, including a $ 9 trillion reduction in employment costs thanks to Al-enabled automation of knowledge work.
   Besides the threat AI may impose on workers, there are other ethical worries. The most alarming scenario is of rogue AI turning evil, as seen in countless sci-fi films. Even Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk and others still wonder whether AI could get out of control, precipitating a sci-fi conflict between people and machines. They signed an open letter calling for research to ensure that AI systems are "robust and beneficial"—i. e., do not turn evil. Few would disagree that AI needs to be developed in ways that benefit humanity but agreement on how to go about it is harder to reach.
选项
答案 Don’t Worry About AI Recently, the thrashing of a Go champion with a machine called AlphaGo shocks the world into a new recognition about artificial intelligence (AI). After years of setbacks, AI has made a stunning comeback, waltzing in almost every walk of life from translating languages to pinning down our faces and voices. Yet worries about AI’s stealing our jobs or running out of our control never fade away. In my opinion, with some basic rules set ahead about the development of AI, these fears are not justified at all. The caveats over AI is nothing but the modern expression of an old Frankenstein story of the panic about the "demon of mechanism". Two centuries ago, Britain witnessed people’s wail over the Industrial Revolution "whose disruptive power was guilty of oversetting whole multitudes of workmen. " In the more recent 1980s, panic about technological unemployment also struck when firms first installed computers and robots in workplaces. But each time, as history repeatedly tells us, technology created more jobs than it destroyed, as the automation of one chore increased demand for people to do the related tasks that were still beyond machines. For example, replacing bank tellers with ATMs made it cheaper to open new branches, creating many more new jobs in sales and customer service. Moreover, entirely new jobs are being created in the field of AI itself such as inventing, overseeing, updating and maintaining AI. Lastly, some jobs are always likely to be better done by humans, especially those involving empathy and social interactions—traits that are beyond any machine. But some basic principles of AI creation must be adhered to. Firstly, AI should benefit the masses instead of only a select few. Secondly, AI research must be open to supervision and socially engaged. Thirdly, AI designers should establish effective practices to shun undesirable outcomes. Taking these rules into consideration, hopefully, we human beings will taste the fruits of AI to its full extent.
解析    本题讨论的话题是人工智能(artificial intelligence)对人类造成的影响。人工智能已经应用在很多领域，但包括霍金在内的一些人对它将来的发展持谨慎态度，并警告说必须制定一些基本的规则来控制它的发展。本题要求首先概述人们对人工智能发展的不同态度，然后提出自己对人工智能的看法，尤其是要论述对人工智能的怀疑和批评态度是否合理。
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