首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The t
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The t
admin
2018-01-08
35
问题
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The threat of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives can also backfire, diminishing the very behavior they’re meant to encourage.
A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood reduced the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of empirical evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentives—showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right often enough that businesses should take note.
Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can backfire when they undermine what Adam Smith called "the moral sentiments". The psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff—we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. People desire to be esteemed by others and to be seen as ethical and dignified. And they don’t want to be taken for suckers. Rewarding blood donations may backfire because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being altruistic than in making a dollar. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer mistrusts the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with pay for performance is textbook economics—and a prescription for sullen employees.
Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we’re being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can imply—sometimes wrongly—what motivates us. Fines or public rebukes that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they offend or diminish our ethical sensibilities.
This does not mean it’s impossible to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time—just that efforts to do so often fail. Ideally, policies support socially valued ends not only by harnessing self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags enacted in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders monetarily while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of anti-social anachronisms.
The small tax on plastic grocery bags in Ireland is mentioned to show that______.
选项
A、incentives can harness egoism and inspire altruism
B、Ireland is determined to eliminate plastic pollution
C、monetary punishments usually have moral implications
D、incentive policies by the government are more effective
答案
A
解析
此题为细节推断题。根据题干关键词plastic grocery bags和Ireland定位到第五段。该段提到2002年爱尔兰颁布的塑料袋税就有这种效果,使得爱尔兰彻底消除了塑料袋的使用。这种效果指的是例子的前一句:政策不仅通过遏制自我利益,而且通过鼓励公益精神来支持社会价值取向。因此,A选项为正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/lUBZ777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
AftervisitingWidenerUniversityandlearningaboutitsprogramrequiring300hoursofcommunityserviceinthesurroundingpoo
AftervisitingWidenerUniversityandlearningaboutitsprogramrequiring300hoursofcommunityserviceinthesurroundingpoo
HowdoyouexplaineconomicsinplainEnglish?TheFederalReserveBankofNewYorkhasbeenansweringthequestionwithaneven
HowdoyouexplaineconomicsinplainEnglish?TheFederalReserveBankofNewYorkhasbeenansweringthequestionwithaneven
HowdoyouexplaineconomicsinplainEnglish?TheFederalReserveBankofNewYorkhasbeenansweringthequestionwithaneven
Theworldisonthetopofastaggeringriseinthenumberofoldpeople,andtheywilllivelongerthaneverbefore.【C1】______t
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itspeededupphysica
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itspeededupphysica
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itspeededupphysica
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itspeededupphysica
随机试题
男性患者,16岁,间断发作双侧足跟疼3年,近2周出现左膝关节疼痛、肿胀,活动受限,查体:左膝关节肿、浮髌试验(+),应考虑下列哪种病可能性大
A.血行转移B.医源性转移C.直接蔓延D.种植性转移E.淋巴转移乳房癌的“橘皮样变”、卫星结节,此转移方式属于
下列哪项不是患者大量输血后伤口渗血不止的原因
A.鹭鸶咯丸B.儿童清肺丸C.清宣止咳颗粒D.小儿咳喘灵颗粒E.小儿消积止咳口服液某患儿,6岁,症见咳嗽阵作、痰鸣气促、咽干声哑,证属痰浊阻肺,宜选用的中成药是
在本量利分析中,成本、业务量和利润之间的数量关系是建立在一系列假设基础上的。下列各项中,属于本量利分析的假设的有()。
建立团队的最后阶段将进入()。
行政管理的首要环节和各项运行职能的基础是( )。
毛泽东建军思想的核心,建设新型人民军队的根本原则是
假定对8255A进行初始化时所访问的端口是0CBH,并将其A口设定为工作方式1输出,问A口的地址是多少? ( )。
在一台Cisco路由器的g3/1接口,封禁ICMP协议,只允许转发168.105.129.0/24子网的ICMP数据包正确的访问控制列表的配置是()。
最新回复
(
0
)