首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The t
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The t
admin
2018-01-08
92
问题
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The threat of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives can also backfire, diminishing the very behavior they’re meant to encourage.
A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood reduced the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of empirical evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentives—showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right often enough that businesses should take note.
Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can backfire when they undermine what Adam Smith called "the moral sentiments". The psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff—we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. People desire to be esteemed by others and to be seen as ethical and dignified. And they don’t want to be taken for suckers. Rewarding blood donations may backfire because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being altruistic than in making a dollar. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer mistrusts the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with pay for performance is textbook economics—and a prescription for sullen employees.
Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we’re being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can imply—sometimes wrongly—what motivates us. Fines or public rebukes that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they offend or diminish our ethical sensibilities.
This does not mean it’s impossible to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time—just that efforts to do so often fail. Ideally, policies support socially valued ends not only by harnessing self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags enacted in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders monetarily while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of anti-social anachronisms.
The small tax on plastic grocery bags in Ireland is mentioned to show that______.
选项
A、incentives can harness egoism and inspire altruism
B、Ireland is determined to eliminate plastic pollution
C、monetary punishments usually have moral implications
D、incentive policies by the government are more effective
答案
A
解析
此题为细节推断题。根据题干关键词plastic grocery bags和Ireland定位到第五段。该段提到2002年爱尔兰颁布的塑料袋税就有这种效果,使得爱尔兰彻底消除了塑料袋的使用。这种效果指的是例子的前一句:政策不仅通过遏制自我利益,而且通过鼓励公益精神来支持社会价值取向。因此,A选项为正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/lUBZ777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
HowdoyouexplaineconomicsinplainEnglish?TheFederalReserveBankofNewYorkhasbeenansweringthequestionwithaneven
HowdoyouexplaineconomicsinplainEnglish?TheFederalReserveBankofNewYorkhasbeenansweringthequestionwithaneven
HowdoyouexplaineconomicsinplainEnglish?TheFederalReserveBankofNewYorkhasbeenansweringthequestionwithaneven
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itspeededupphysica
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itspeededupphysica
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itspeededupphysica
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itspeededupphysica
Relativitytheoryhashadaprofoundinfluenceonourpictureofmatterbyforcingustomodifyourconceptofaparticleinan
Relativitytheoryhashadaprofoundinfluenceonourpictureofmatterbyforcingustomodifyourconceptofaparticleinan
随机试题
分泌醛固酮的部位是在()。
空气、水、金属固体的导热系数分别为λ1、λ2、λ3,其大小顺序正确的是()。
甲公司2010年8月因意外事故报废汽车一部,该汽车账面原值360000元,已提折旧150000元,应由保险公司赔偿120000元,以现金支付清理费用1500元,残料变价收入3000元已存入银行。要求:根据上述资料,编制与甲公司固定资产报废有关的会计分录。
邓宁认为,国际企业要能在竞争中战胜当地的竞争对手,就必须拥有某些当地竞争对手不具备的“所有权特定优势”,这些优势包括()
维持药效最长的眼用制剂是()。
施工作业单位应当在()的路段和时间内施工作业,并在距离施工作业地点来车方向安全距离处设置明显的安全警示标志,采取防护措施。
基金收益具有一定的波动性,投资风险较大,银行存款利率相对固定,投资者损失本金的可能性很小,投资相对比较安全。( )
如果某家银行的贷款平均额为700亿元,存款平均额为900亿元,核心存款平均额为300亿元,流动性资产为200亿元,那么该商业银行的融资缺口等于()
14世纪中叶起,欧洲新兴的资产阶级以复兴古希腊、罗马文化为标榜,提倡人文主义,这一思想运动被称为“文艺复兴”。文艺复兴时期产生了许多思想、科学、文学、艺术的巨人,下列属于文艺复兴时期的意大利艺术家的是()。
Whencustomerservicerepresentativesspeaktocustomersoverthephone,theyshouldalwaysspeak_______.
最新回复
(
0
)