首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The t
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The t
admin
2018-01-08
59
问题
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The threat of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives can also backfire, diminishing the very behavior they’re meant to encourage.
A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood reduced the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of empirical evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentives—showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right often enough that businesses should take note.
Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can backfire when they undermine what Adam Smith called "the moral sentiments". The psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff—we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. People desire to be esteemed by others and to be seen as ethical and dignified. And they don’t want to be taken for suckers. Rewarding blood donations may backfire because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being altruistic than in making a dollar. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer mistrusts the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with pay for performance is textbook economics—and a prescription for sullen employees.
Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we’re being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can imply—sometimes wrongly—what motivates us. Fines or public rebukes that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they offend or diminish our ethical sensibilities.
This does not mean it’s impossible to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time—just that efforts to do so often fail. Ideally, policies support socially valued ends not only by harnessing self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags enacted in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders monetarily while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of anti-social anachronisms.
The small tax on plastic grocery bags in Ireland is mentioned to show that______.
选项
A、incentives can harness egoism and inspire altruism
B、Ireland is determined to eliminate plastic pollution
C、monetary punishments usually have moral implications
D、incentive policies by the government are more effective
答案
A
解析
此题为细节推断题。根据题干关键词plastic grocery bags和Ireland定位到第五段。该段提到2002年爱尔兰颁布的塑料袋税就有这种效果,使得爱尔兰彻底消除了塑料袋的使用。这种效果指的是例子的前一句:政策不仅通过遏制自我利益,而且通过鼓励公益精神来支持社会价值取向。因此,A选项为正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/lUBZ777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
AftervisitingWidenerUniversityandlearningaboutitsprogramrequiring300hoursofcommunityserviceinthesurroundingpoo
HowdoyouexplaineconomicsinplainEnglish?TheFederalReserveBankofNewYorkhasbeenansweringthequestionwithaneven
HowdoyouexplaineconomicsinplainEnglish?TheFederalReserveBankofNewYorkhasbeenansweringthequestionwithaneven
HowdoyouexplaineconomicsinplainEnglish?TheFederalReserveBankofNewYorkhasbeenansweringthequestionwithaneven
Theworldisonthetopofastaggeringriseinthenumberofoldpeople,andtheywilllivelongerthaneverbefore.【C1】______t
Theworldisonthetopofastaggeringriseinthenumberofoldpeople,andtheywilllivelongerthaneverbefore.【C1】______t
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itspeededupphysica
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itspeededupphysica
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itspeededupphysica
GivetheSenatesomecredit:inshapingthecurrentimmigration-reformbill,ithascomeupwithoneideathatalmosteverybody
随机试题
电弧焊的引弧方法有短路引弧和高频高压引弧两种。()
铝及铝合金工件和焊丝表面清理后,在存放过程中会产生(),所以存放时间越短越好。
肝右静脉走行于右叶间裂内,是下面哪一项解剖结构的分界标志
下列各项中,不属于会计核算内容的是()。
单位、个人和银行办理支付结算时未使用按中国人民银行统一规定印制的票据,票据无效。()
某卷烟厂为增值税一般纳税人,2012年11月份发生下列经济业务:(1)向农业生产者收购烟叶30吨,支付收购价款40万元,另外按收购价款的10%支付了价外补贴,烟叶税20%,取得收购凭证。另支付运输费用3万元,取得运输公司开具的运输发票;烟叶验收
以下编码中,长时记忆的主要编码方式是
简述宪法规范的类型。
Peoplewhousuallychowdownonchillipeppersmayliveforlongerandhaveasignificantlyreducedriskofdyingfromcardiov
Eye-trackerLetsYouDragandDropFilesWithaGlanceBoredofusingamouse?Soonyou’11beabletochangestuffonyour
最新回复
(
0
)