首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Disease and History P1: Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease condit
Disease and History P1: Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease condit
admin
2018-10-18
24
问题
Disease and History
P1: Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. In 1971, anthropologist Abdel Omran outlined three trends in the relationship between diseases and the human species and referred to them as the three "epidemiological transitions." For nearly four million years, humans lived in widely dispersed, nomadic, small populations that minimized the effect of infectious diseases. Early human ancestors must have suffered from new diseases every time they built a settlement in new surroundings. Infectious disease may not have had serious effects on large numbers of people or many different populations, however, since diseases would have had little chance of being passed on to many other humans.
P2: The first epidemiological transition occurred approximately 10,000 years ago, when early societies started to supplement existing food sources with domestication of some plants and animals after their migration. Increasing sedentism and population density resulted in the first widespread infectious and nutritional diseases. Animal domestication may have brought people into contact with new diseases previously limited to other species. Working the soil would have exposed farmers to insects and other pathogens. Irrigation in some areas provided breeding places for mosquitoes, increasing the incidence of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. Sanitation problems caused by larger, more sedentary populations would have helped transmit diseases in human waste, as would the use of animal dung for fertilizer. Besides, the emergence of pre-agriculture also led to a relatively narrow selection of food sources, as compared to the varied diets of their nomadic counterparts, whose food was mainly derived from hunting and gathering. This could have led to nutritional deficiencies. Finally, the storage of food surpluses attracted new disease carriers such as insects and rodents. Trade between settled communities helped spread diseases over large geographic areas, as in the case of the Black Death in Europe. Epidemics, in the sense of diseases that impact a great number of populations simultaneously, were essentially nonexistent until the development of agricultural economies.
P3: The second epidemiological transition commenced at the end of the nineteenth century and extended to the twentieth, involving improvements in nutrition, public health, and medicine. Many infectious diseases were finally brought under control or even eliminated during the second phase. There was a shift from acute infectious diseases to chronic non-infectious, degenerative diseases. The increasing prevalence of these chronic diseases was related to an increase in longevity; cultural advances resulted in a larger percentage of individuals reaching the oldest age segment of the population. In addition, many of these diseases shared common etiological factors related to an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, leading to less physical activity, more mental stress, high-fat diets, and environmental pollution.
P4: However, on the heels of the second transition had came the third epidemiological transition, which dominates contemporary society. New diseases are emerging and old ones are returning. The emergence of infectious disease with multiple forms of antibiotic resistance has been one of the most intriguing evolutionary stories of the last decade. Researchers have identified more than two dozen novel pathogens and grappled with the evolution of antibiotic-resistant microbes in the past three decades. This evolution may have been encouraged by what some authorities consider an overuse of antibiotics, giving microorganisms a greater chance to evolve resistance by exposing them to a constant barrage of selective challenges. Some bacteria reproduce hourly, and so the processes of genetic mutation and natural selection are greatly sped up in these species.
P5: The engine that is driving the reemergence of many kinds of disease is ecological change that brings humans into contact with pathogens. As people and their products became more mobile, and as human populations spread into previously little-inhabited areas, cutting down forests and otherwise altering ecological conditions, we come into contact with other species that may carry diseases to which they are immune but that prove deadly to us. This presents a significant challenge to the countries facing a dual burden of infectious and chronic diseases.
P2: The first epidemiological transition occurred approximately 10,000 years ago, when early societies started to supplement existing food sources with domestication of some plants and animals after their migration.■ Increasing sedentism and population density resulted in the first widespread infectious and nutritional diseases. ■ Animal domestication may have brought people into contact with new diseases previously limited to other species.■ Working the soil would have exposed farmers to insects and other pathogens. ■ Irrigation in some areas provided breeding places for mosquitoes, increasing the incidence of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. Sanitation problems caused by larger, more sedentary populations would have helped transmit diseases in human waste, as would the use of animal dung for fertilizer. Besides, the emergence of pre-agriculture also led to a relatively narrow selection of food sources, as compared to the varied diets of their nomadic counterparts, whose food was mainly derived from hunting and gathering. This could have led to nutritional deficiencies; finally, the storage of food surpluses attracted new disease carriers such as insects and rodents. Trade between settled communities helped spread diseases over large geographic areas, as in the case of the Black Death in Europe. Epidemics, in the sense of diseases that impact a great number of populations simultaneously, were essentially nonexistent until the development of agricultural economies.
According to paragraph 3, which of the following best describes the second epidemiological transition?
选项
A、Modern medicine made it possible for people to live longer even if they had an infectious disease.
B、Infectious diseases were harder to cure due to factors like stress and pollution.
C、New infectious diseases appeared as quickly as modern medical science was able to control old ones.
D、Chronic diseases replaced infectious diseases as the major cause of human sickness and death.
答案
D
解析
【事实信息题】前3句提到第二次流行病学转变包括了在营养、公共卫生和医学方面的改进。在第二阶段许多传染病得到控制甚至被消除。在使我们生病和死亡的疾病方面,出现了从急性传染性疾病向慢性非传染性、退行性疾病的转变。所以D选项最贴切。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/lufO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completethetablebelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.Talkingaboutthehistoryofbikes
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.HistoryofweatherforecastingE
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.HistoryofweatherforecastingE
Labelthemapbelow.Writethecorrectletter,A-E,nexttoquestions11-15.NationalHistoryMuseum
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EffectsofurbanenvironmentsonanimalsIntroductionRecenturba
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EffectsofurbanenvironmentsonanimalsIntroductionRecenturba
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EffectsofurbanenvironmentsonanimalsIntroductionRecenturba
meals本题有关该工作的工资待遇。录音原文中的with…provided是题目plus…的同义替换。
Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthepassagemainlyanswer?Theword"they"inline20refersto
随机试题
患者,女,28岁。已婚。平素月经周期错后,本次停经已有百日,心烦易怒,胸胁胀满,小腹微胀,胃脘痞满,头晕。舌苔厚腻,脉弦滑。本证最恰当的处理为
下列各种情况下,可使心输出量增加的是
A.水冲脉B.交替脉C.重搏脉D.奇脉E.无脉符合甲状腺功能亢进症的体征是
患者,张某,25岁。呕吐吞酸,嗳气频作,胸胁胀痛,每因情志不遂发作或加重,舌质红,苔薄腻,脉弦。根据上述病例,回答以下问题。该病人的证候属于()。
建设项目管理规划的主要内容包括()等。
菲律宾是一个多民族国家,现人口已突破1亿,成为世界上第()个人口过亿的国家。
《刑法》第270条规定:“将代为保管的他人财物非法占为己有,数额较大,拒不退还的,处二年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者罚金;数额巨大或者有其他严重情节的,处二年以上五年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金。将他人的遗忘物或者埋藏物非法占为己有,数额较大,拒不交出的,依
Therewasatimewhenwomenwereconsideredsmartiftheyplayeddumbtogetaman,andwomenwhowenttocollegeweremoreinte
有以下定义语句,编译时会出现编译错误的是
假定窗体的名称为fmTest,则把窗体的标题设置为“AccessTest”的语句是()。
最新回复
(
0
)