首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d
admin
2011-02-11
44
问题
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions." Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning ’the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses). The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow’s feet" — wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response — as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
According to paragraph 2, the Fore people______.
选项
A、knew little about Western culture
B、showed facial expressions different from people in other parts of the world
C、were famous for their solitude
D、had never been taken photographs before
答案
A
解析
细节题。第二段中提到Paul Ekman的一项研究,该研究指出,无论什么人,甚至包括 Fore这个生活在New Guinea高地,和外界西方文明很少接触的部落的人都对高兴、恐惧等外部表情有着和其他人相同的观点。同时,他们的面部表情也和其他地方的人很类似,故排除 B;但是由于和西方文明接触不多,他们肯定对其了解甚少,故A正确;作者只说Fore族人很少和外部接触,并没有说他们以孤独著称,故排除C;选项D原文中未提及。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/nBYO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Identicaltwinspossessexactlythesamesetofgenes.Yetastheygrowolder,theymaybegintodisplaysubtledifferences.The
Identicaltwinspossessexactlythesamesetofgenes.Yetastheygrowolder,theymaybegintodisplaysubtledifferences.The
Identicaltwinspossessexactlythesamesetofgenes.Yetastheygrowolder,theymaybegintodisplaysubtledifferences.The
ClassificationofLodgingPlacesThetouristindustryhasitsownsystemtoclassifydifferenttypesoflodgingplaces.Five
AtthebeginningofARoseforEmily,FaulknerusesafigurativelanguagetodescribetheplacewhereEmilylives.Thehouseis
AtatimewhenatoweringpersonalitylikeMme.Curiehascometotheendofherlife,letusnotmerelyrestcontentrecalling
Asummaryofthephysicalandchemicalnatureoflifemustbegin;notontheEarth,butintheSun;infact,attheSun’sveryc
A、Five.B、Six.C、Seven.D、Forty-five.C新闻开头提到,Navaira的经纪人说,Navira驾车发生车祸时车上还有另外6人;后面又提到,Navaira车上的6名乘客中有5名是乐队成员。可见,把司机和乘客都算在内,事故发
A、HarryPorter.B、PiratesoftheCaribbean.C、Titanic.D、TheMatrix.B本题为细节题。根据新闻内容(Thatputitaheadofthepreviousrecordde
随机试题
清代康熙诗坛标榜宋诗的诗人是()
Johnisnot(enoughintelligent)to(pass)(this)(economics)classwithouthelp.
患者男性,30岁.体检中发现抗-HIV阳性,CD4+T细胞0.7×109/L,总淋巴细胞数2.0×109/乙外周血HIV载量500copies/m1,患者无任何症状。目前治疗正确的处理方法是
下列哪类病人应给予鼻饲饮食
A.山楂B.木瓜C.枳壳D.决明子E.吴茱萸
在工程项目施工质量管理中,起决定性作用的影响因素是()。
根据企业所得税法律制度的规定,下列选项中不符合企业所得税税收优惠规定的是()。
信誉第一就是要求每个旅游工作者必须把企业的声誉放在第一位:把它看作是企业的生命。()
Itisrareforataleofacademicmismanagementinasmallinstitutiontograbnationalattention.ButSciences-Poisnoordinar
A、AskDr.Smithtocallthelibrary.B、AskDr.Smithtoalterhisdecision.C、GetDr.Smith’swrittenpermission.D、Getthebook
最新回复
(
0
)