首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alc
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alc
admin
2013-01-18
64
问题
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some eases it can serve as a reward and reinforce tile behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.
Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.
Which of the following statements is not directly stated but can be inferred from the passage?
选项
A、The behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.
B、People may be taught by experience to become alcoholics.
C、Punishment may become the stimulus for added drinking.
D、The behavior of alcoholics seems to defy accepted psychological theories.
答案
D
解析
从第三段第一句可直接得出A的结论,最后一段直接陈述了B的情形,倒数第二段表明了C的情形,三项均可从文中直接得出,D可从文中推出,因为许多酗酒的原因的确让人不可思议,比如酒后的痛苦仍然阻止不了人们,还有惩罚也在其中起到了很大的作用,这是人们已经接受的心理学理论所不能解释的。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/nH2O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
ThehistoryofrespondstotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli(1444--1510)suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycritic
Thelocalauthoritiesrealizedtheneedtomake______forelderlypeopleintheirhousingprogrammes.
OneofFreud’sgreat______intothehumanpersonalitywasthediscoveryofhowitisinfluencedbyunconsciousprocesses.
Ishouldbeabletofinishthetaskontime,______youprovidemewiththenecessaryguidance.
I’d______hisreputationwithotherfarmersandbusinesspeopleinthecommunity,andthenmakeadecisionaboutwhetherornott
Manyinstructorsbelievethataninformal,relaxedclassroomenvironmentis【1】tolearningandinnovation.Itisnotuncommon
Thisteachingmethodisa______ofmanymethodswhichhavebeenusedfordecadesinthecountry.
______bothsidesaccepttheagreement______alastingpeacebeestablishedinthisregion.
Thepopulationinlastareawasgrowingrapidly.Needlesstosay,thehousingproblemtherecriedoutforimmediatesolution.
OnSeptember7,2001,a68-year-oldwomaninStrasbourg,France,hadhergallbladder(胆囊)removedbysurgeonsoperating,viacomputer
随机试题
小儿生长发育最迅速的时期是
位于第十一肋端直下平脐处的腧穴是循位于外踝高点上5寸,腓骨前缘处的腧穴是
上市公司出现下列哪些情况应暂停其股票上市交易?()
衡量财政收入规模的相对量指标,通常用财政收入占()的比重来表示。
建立保险储备量的方法可以解决由于延迟交货而引起的缺货问题。()
欢迎词与欢送词各应包括哪些内容?
从所给四个选项中,选择最合适的一个填入问号处,使之呈现一定规律性:
文化建设是中国特色社会主义五位一体总体布局的重要内容,文化体制改革是我国全方位改革事业的重要组成部分。深化文化体制改革的措施有()。
关于人体细胞,下列说法正确的是:
提高Caralyst6500发生直接链路失效的收敛速度,正确配置STP可选功能的命令是
最新回复
(
0
)