首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alc
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alc
admin
2013-01-18
60
问题
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some eases it can serve as a reward and reinforce tile behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.
Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.
Which of the following statements is not directly stated but can be inferred from the passage?
选项
A、The behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.
B、People may be taught by experience to become alcoholics.
C、Punishment may become the stimulus for added drinking.
D、The behavior of alcoholics seems to defy accepted psychological theories.
答案
D
解析
从第三段第一句可直接得出A的结论,最后一段直接陈述了B的情形,倒数第二段表明了C的情形,三项均可从文中直接得出,D可从文中推出,因为许多酗酒的原因的确让人不可思议,比如酒后的痛苦仍然阻止不了人们,还有惩罚也在其中起到了很大的作用,这是人们已经接受的心理学理论所不能解释的。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/nH2O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
SciencewriterTomStandagedrawsaptparallelsbetweenthetelegraphandthegemoflate20th-centurytechnology,theInternet.
Ialways______thelengthoftimeI’lltaketodosomething;therefore,noplanisaccomplishedyet.
Inhis______tofurtherhisknowledgeoftheuniverse,manhasnowbeguntoexplorespace.
Thecompanyhasconsistentlydeniedresponsibility,butitagreedtothesettlementtoavoidtheexpenseof______.
Thestudyofsocialscienceismorethanthestudyoftheindividualsocialsciences.Althoughitistreethattobeagoodsoci
Thefarmerputupironfencesaroundtheflower______gardenneighbor’ssheepshouldbreakin.
HowtoGetPreservedasaFossil(66)Unfortunatelythechangesofanyanimalbecomeafossilarenotverygreat,and(67)t
Developingapeaceful,understanding,andsupportiverelationshipbetweenparentsandchildrenisnotaneasytask.Failurescana
Unfortunatelynotallofusobtainourjust____inthislife.
随机试题
SQL语句不能创建的是()。
下述哪项不是肾损伤的并发症
妄想性障碍的临床特征是
发作期热性哮喘的治法是缓解期肾虚不固证哮喘的治法是
某企业在资金紧张的情况下听说纳税人有特殊困难可以申请延期缴纳税款,因此向税务师咨询如下问题:(1)哪些情况属于可以延期纳税的“特殊情况”?(2)延期纳税应由哪一级税务机关批准?延期纳税最长可延期多久?(3)应在何时提出申请?需
根据预算法律制度的规定,下列各项中,不属于乡镇政府的预算管理职权的是()
在计算应纳税所得额时,自创商誉不得计算摊销费用扣除,外购商誉的支出,也不存在扣除的问题。()
七窍生烟:气愤
阅读下列说明,回答问题1至问题3,将解答填入答题纸的对应栏内。【说明】某项目由A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H活动模块组成,下表给出了各活动之间的依赖关系,以及它们在正常情况和赶工情况下的工期及成本数据。假设每周的项目管理成本为10万元,而且项目
Thehousewasveryquiet,______asitwasonthesideofamountain.
最新回复
(
0
)