首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
Recently anti patent arguments have been advanced with regards to HIV and AIDS drugs. Governments and companies in Brazil, India
Recently anti patent arguments have been advanced with regards to HIV and AIDS drugs. Governments and companies in Brazil, India
admin
2015-09-30
37
问题
Recently anti patent arguments have been advanced with regards to HIV and AIDS drugs. Governments and companies in Brazil, India, Thailand and Uganda have started to challenge patents monopolies on medicine, arguing that human lives are more important than patents, copyright, international trade laws, and the economic interest of the pharmaceutical industry. Anti-retroviral therapy has long been unaffordable for people suffering from HIV/AIDS in developing countries, and proponents of generic antiviral drugs argue that the human need justifies the breach of patent law. When the Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organization started producing generic antiviral drugs in March 2002 the cost of a monthly treatment for one person plummeted from $ 500- $ 750 to $ 30, hence making treatment more affordable. In response the US government placed Thailand on the list of "copyright violators" despite the fact that the production of antiviral drugs is not subject to copyright, even in the United States. In 2007 the government of Brazil declared Merck’s efavirenz anti-retroviral drug a "public interest" medicine, and challenged Merck to negotiate lower prices with the government or have Brazil strip the patent by issuing a compulsory license.
It is reported that Ghana, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ethiopia have similar plans to produce generic antiviral drugs. Western pharmaceutical companies initially responded with legal challenges, but some have now promised to introduce alternative pricing structures for developing countries and NGOs.
Campaigns for affordable access to medicines, such as Oxfam, argue that developing countries are dependent on foreign pharmaceutical companies. Quoting a recent World Health Organisation report, Trevor Jones argues that patent monopolies do not create monopoly pricing. He argues that the companies given monopolies "set prices largely on the willingness/ability to pay, also taking into account the country, disease and regulation" instead of receiving competition from legalized generics.
Under World Trade Organization(WTO)rules, a developing country has options for obtaining needed medications under compulsory licensing or importation of cheaper versions of the drugs, even before patent expiration. In July 2008 Nobel Prize-winning scientist Sir John Sulston criticised the "moral corruption" of the medical industry. Amongst others Sulston said that the world is at a crisis point in terms of getting medicines to sick people, particularly in the developing world, Sulston called for an international biomedical treaty to clear up issues over patents.
In response to these criticisms against pharmaceutical patents it has been pointed out that less than 5% of medicines on the WHO’s essential drugs list are subject to patent monopoly and that countries who believe that these monopolies are impeding health care may not be aware that the medicines in question, particularly for HIV/AIDS related drugs, are not patented in their country.
Western pharmaceutical companies______.
选项
A、promise to help Africa’s developing countries
B、guarantee to lower the prices of patented drugs
C、challenge the illegal production of antiviral drugs
D、may lower prices of antiviral drugs in poor countries
答案
D
解析
根据第二段最后一句中的“some have now promised to introduce alternative pricing structuresfor developing countries…”可知,一些西方医药公司准备在发展中国家采用不同的定价方法。所以,D应为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/nWzZ777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
Smoking,whichmaybeapleasureforsomepeople,isaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.(1)_____,medicalauthorit
AmandatorytraceabilitysystemintheUnitedStateswouldhelpimprovethesafetyoffood,suchasproduce,ahealthofficialt
WhentheAmericaneconomywasrunningfulltilttwoyearsago,fewplaceswereasbreathlesslydelightedasSeattle.Itsportwa
YouaretoinformMrs.Bentonthatyouwillhavetobreakthedinnerengagement.Writeanote(短笺)to1)expressyourregret,
Whatmaybetheattitudeofmanypublic-serviceworkerstowardsthestrategyofBlair’sgovernment?WhichofthefollowingisT
Theremarkableprogressofscienceandtechnologyinthe20thcenturyhasbroughtenormousbenefitstohumankind.Longandhealt
Realpolicemen,bothBritainandtheUnitedStateshardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV—
ThedomesticeconomyintheUnitedStatesexpandedinaremarkablyvigorousandsteadyfashion.Therevivalinconsumerconfiden
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcolours,thatistosay,thecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanima
ThefirsttimeItriedshark-finsoupwasatTimeWarner’sannualdinnerinHongKong.Shark-finsoupisaluxuryitem($100bowl
随机试题
房地产经纪机构从事存量房买卖居间代理服务的,应到_______办理网上用户备案手续,方可进行信息发布和合同网上签约。()
会计工作岗位可以有
下述哪个征象是脑膜刺激征的主要检查方法()
关于卡介苗接种叙述正确的是
烧伤后防止急性肾功能衰竭的关键措施是
N型半导体和P型半导体所呈现的电性分别为()。
ProjectControlling模式下的咨询单位只为( )服务。
给定资料1.据国家相关部门统计,截至目前,中国有60岁以上老人1.78亿,占总人口的13.3%。其中失能和半失能老人约3171万人,大中城市空巢家庭高达70%。近年来,随着老龄化速度的加快,中国已逐步步人老龄化社会,“养老”成为社会保障体系面临的
在VisuallFoxPro中,可以对项目中的数据、文档等进行集中管理,并可以对项目进行创建和维护的是()。
Assuburbsgrew,businessesmovedintothenewareas.Largeshoppingcentrescontainingagreatkindofstoreschangedcon-
最新回复
(
0
)