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  3. Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors— habits—among consumers. These habits

Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors— habits—among consumers. These habits

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问题     Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors— habits—among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.
    "There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’ t figure out how to change people’ s habits," said Dr. Curtis, the director of Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. "We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically."
    The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to—Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.
    If you look hard enough, you’ 11 find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.
    A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies start-ed bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.
    "Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns," said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. "Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers ’ lives, and it’ s essential to making new products commercially viable."
    Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’ s habits is
选项 A、indifferent.
B、negative.
C、positive.
D、biased.
答案B
解析 态度题。本题要求学生推断作者对“通过广告影响消费习惯”的做法所持的态度，文章最后一段提到，Berning博士等学者通过实验与观察，发现力度很大的广告营销可以将某些消费行为培养成习惯。这种做法已经引发很多争议，因为此类广告营销手段已被用于销售存在问题的美容护肤霜和不健康的食品。四个选项的含义分别为A项“漠不关心”；B项“消极、不同意的”；C项“积极的”；D项“存有偏见的”。很显然B项是正确答案。
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