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  3. A dozen years ago, James Grant — one of the wisest commentators on Wall Street — wrote a book called The Trouble with Prosperity

A dozen years ago, James Grant — one of the wisest commentators on Wall Street — wrote a book called The Trouble with Prosperity

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问题    A dozen years ago, James Grant — one of the wisest commentators on Wall Street — wrote a book called The Trouble with Prosperity. Grant’s survey of financial history captured his crusty theory of economic predestination. If things seem splendid, they will get worse. Success inspires overconfidence and excess. If things seem dismal, they will get better. Crisis spawns opportunity and progress. Our triumphs and follies follow a rhythm that, though it can be influenced, cannot be repealed.
   Good times breed bad, and vice versa. Bear that in mind. It provides context for today’s turmoil and recriminations. The recent astounding events — the government’s takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the Treasury’s investments in private banks, the stock market’s wild swings — have thrust us into fierce debate. Has enough been done to protect the economy? Who or what caused this mess?
   We Americans want problems with instant solutions. We want victories and defeats with clear heroes and villains. We crave a world of crisp moral certitudes, when the real world is awash with murky ambiguities. So it is now. Start with the immediate question: has enough been done? Well, enough for what? If the goal is to prevent a calamitous collapse of bank lending, the answer is probably "yes".
   Last week, the government guaranteed most interbank loans(loans among banks) and pressured nine major banks to accept $ 125 billion of added capital from the Treasury. Together, these steps make it easier for banks to borrow and lend. There’s less need to hoard cash. But if the goal is to inoculate us against recession and more financial turmoil, the answer is "no".
   We’re probably already in recession. In September, retail sales dropped 1. 2 percent. The housing collapse, higher oil prices( now receding), job losses and sagging stocks have battered confidence. Consumption spends — more than two thirds of all spending — may drop in the third quarter for the first time since 1991. Loans are harder to get, because there’s been a "correction of lax lending standards," says financial consultant Bert Ely. Economist David Wyss of Standard & Poor’s expects unemployment, now 6.1 percent, to reach 7. 5 percent by year-end 2009.
   Ditto for financial perils, " the United States has an enormous financial system outside the banks," says economist Raghuram Rajan of the University of Chicago. Take hedge funds. They manage nearly $ 2 trillion and rely heavily on borrowed funds. They could destabilize the markets as they’re pressured to sell. They’ve suffered heavy redemptions — $ 43 billion in September, according to the Financial Times. There’s also a global chain reaction. Losses in one market inspire losses in others; and nervous international investors sell everywhere. Brazil’s market has lost about half its value in the past year.
   In this fluid situation, one thing is predictable: the crisis will produce a cottage industry of academics, journalists, pundits, politicians and bloggers to assess blame. Is former Fed chairman Alan Greenspan responsible for holding interest rates too low and for not imposing tougher regulations on mortgage lending? Would Clinton Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin have spotted the crisis sooner? Did Republican free-market ideologies leave greedy Wall Streets types too unregulated? Was Congress too permissive with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?
   Some stories are make-believe. After leaving government, Rubin landed at Citigroup as "senior counselor. " He failed to identify toxic mortgage securities as a big problem in the bank’s own portfolio. It’s implausible to think he’d have done so in Washington. As recent investigative stories in the New York Times and The Washington Post show, the Clinton administration broadly supported the financial deregulation that Democrats are now so loudly denouncing.
   Greenspan is a harder case. His resistance to tougher regulation of mortgage lending is legitimately criticized, but the story of his low-interest rate policies is more complicated. True, the overnight fed-funds rate dropped to 1 percent in 2003 to offset the effects of the burst tech bubble and 9/11. Still. The Fed started raising rates in mid-2004. Unfortunately and surprisingly, long-term interest rates on mortgages(which are set by the market) didn’t follow. That undercut the Fed and is often attributed to a surge of cheap capital from China and Asia.
   There’s a broader lesson. When things go well, everyone wants to get on the bandwagon. Skeptics are regarded as fools. It’s hard for government — or anyone else — to say, "Whoa, cowboys; this won’t last. " In this respect, the tech bubble and the housing bubble were identical twins.
   We suffer cycles of self-delusion, sometimes too giddy and sometimes too glum. The next recovery usually lies in the ruins of the last recession.
   As the housing boom strengthened, lenders overlent, builders overbuilt and buyers overpaid. Existing home prices rose 50 percent from 2000 to 2006. Lending standards weakened. Investment bankers packaged dubious loans in increasingly opaque securities. But bankers — to their eventual regret — kept many bad loans themselves. Almost everyone assumed that home prices would rise forever, so risks were minimal. Congress was complicit. It allowed Fannie and Freddie to operate with meager capital. They were, in effect, giant hedge funds backed by government congress also increased the share of their mortgages that had to go to low — and moderate-income buyers, form 40 percent in 1996 to 52 percent in 2005. This blessed and promoted supreme mortgage lending.
   So Grant’s thesis is confirmed. We go through cycles of self-delusion, sometimes too giddy and sometimes too glum. The only consolation is that the genesis of the next recovery usually lies in the ruins of the last recession. Optimistic Americans "recognize error and put it behind them," Grant writes in the current Foreign Affairs. The Pew survey reports this contrast: though half of Americans believe there’s a recession, almost half also think the economy will improve in the next year.(by Robert J. Samuelson, from Newsweek, October 27, 2008)
In the sentence " Investment bankers packaged dubious loans in increasingly opaque securities" , the word "opaque" may roughly mean______.
选项 A、unstable
B、inefficient
C、unclear
D、inoperable
答案C
解析
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