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  3. Chemistry did not emerge as a science until after the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century and then only rather slow

Chemistry did not emerge as a science until after the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century and then only rather slow

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问题     Chemistry did not emerge as a science until after the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century and then only rather slowly and laboriously. But chemical knowledge is as old as history, being almost entirely【B1】______ the practical arts of living. Cooking is 【B2】______ a chemical process: so is the melting of metals and the administration of drugs and poisons. This basic chemical knowledge, which was applied in most cases as a rule of thumb, was nevertheless【B3】______ previous experiment. It also served to 【B4】______ a fundamental curiosity about the processes themselves. New information was always being gained as artisans(工匠)improved techniques to gain better results. The development of a scientific approach to chemistry was, however,【B5】______ by several factors. The most serious problem was the vast range of material available and the 【B6】______ difficulty of organizing it into some system. In addition, there were social and intellectual difficulties: chemistry is nothing if not practical: those who practice it must use their hands, they must have a certain practical talent. Yet in many ancient【B7】______, practical tasks were primarily the province of a slave population. The thinker or philosopher【B8】______ this earthly world, where the practical arts appeared to lack any intellectual content or interest. The final problem for early chemical science was the element of secrecy. Experts in【B9】______ trades had developed their own techniques and guarded their knowledge to prevent others from stealing their【B10】______.  
【B7】
选项
答案civilizations
解析 根据空格前的形容词ancient判断，空格处应该填入名词，many提示应填入名词复数形式，civilization意为“文明”。
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