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  3. In a sense, the new protectionism is not protectionism at all, at least not in the traditional sense of the term. The old protec

In a sense, the new protectionism is not protectionism at all, at least not in the traditional sense of the term. The old protec

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问题      In a sense, the new protectionism is not protectionism at all, at least not in the traditional sense of the term. The old protectionism referred only to trade-restricting and trade-expanding devices, such as the tariff or export subsidy. The new protectionism is much broader than this; it includes interventions into foreign trade but is not limited to them. (46) The new protectionism, in fact, refers to how the whole of government intervention into the private economy affects international trade. The emphasis on trade is still there, thus came the term" protection". But what is new is the realization that virtually all government activities can affect international economic relations.
    (47) The emergence of the new protectionism in the Western world reflects the victory of the interventionist, or welfare economy over the market economy. Jab Tumiler writes, "The old protectionism…, coexisted, without any apparent intellectual difficulty with the acceptable of the market as a national as well as an international economic distribution mechanism-indeed, protectionists as well as (if not more than) free traders stood for laissez-faire( 放任政策).(48) Now, as in the 1930’s, protectionism is an expression of a profound skepticism as to the ability of the market to distribute resources and incomes to societies satisfaction."
    It is precisely this profound skepticism of the market economy that is responsible for the protectionism. In a market economy, economic change of various colors implies redistributions of resources and incomes. The same opinion in many communities apparently is that such redistributions often are not proper. Therefore, the government intervenes to bring about a more desired result.
    The victory of the welfare state is almost complete in northern Europe. In Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and the Netherlands, government intervention in almost all aspects of economic and social life is considered normal. (49)In Great Britain this is only somewhat less true. Government traditionally has played a very active role in economic life in France and continued to do so. Only Germany dares to go against the tide towards excessive interventionism in Western Europe. It also happens to be the most successful Western European economy.
    (50) The welfare state has made significant progress in the United Stages as well as in Western Europe. Social security, unemployment insurance, minimum-wage laws, and rent control are by now traditional welfare state elements on the American scene.
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答案在大不列颠只是略差一些。在法国的经济生活中，传统上政府就扮演一个非常活跃的角色，并这样继续着。只有德国在西欧盛行干涉主义的时候敢于背潮流而行。
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