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  3. Archeology Archeology, the branch of anthropology that is devoted to the study of the human past, often focuses on the period be

Archeology Archeology, the branch of anthropology that is devoted to the study of the human past, often focuses on the period be

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问题                         Archeology
Archeology, the branch of anthropology that is devoted to the study of the human past, often focuses on the period before people began to keep written records. Archeologists study the origin, spread, and evolution of culture by examining the remains of past societies. They share the task of other kinds of anthropologists in that they are trying to understand human behavior. The difference is that their materials are generally the unwritten records of past societies. They cannot sit down with living members of those societies and talk about what they have found. They cannot even observe living people, but must interpret the material evidence left by people long dead. Many archeologists distinguish between prehistoric archeology, which is the study of extinct cultures that left no written records, and historic archeology, which is the investigation of those groups for whom there are written materials to accompany the archeological evidence.
    What, then, can archeology contribute to our understanding of human culture and social behavior? First, we can learn much about the technology of early peoples through their material remains, as well as through analysis of such aspects of their life style as what they ate. We can tell, for example, whether a particular group lived mainly by hunting or fishing or by farming.
    A second aspect of the life of early peoples that is revealed to us through archeology is their economic practices. For example, sometimes we find pottery or jewelry made from materials that are known to have been available only in distant places. This usually means that these items were not made at the site but were obtained through some other means - either by traveling to the place where they are available or by trading with other groups. If we put together a picture of the distribution of such items over time, we can get an idea of the interactions among neighboring groups, and this in turn gives us clues about other aspects of culture that might have been borrowed or traded as well.
    Less evident than economics or technology, but still recognizable, is the political and social structure of past cultures. We can assume a great deal about the way a city was organized from the layout of the buildings and the types of housing found there. For example, if we find a large temple in the center of an ancient city and it is surrounded by fairly large dwelling sites, while the buildings on the outskirts of the settlement are smaller, we know that there were probably at least two classes of people and that the temple was at the center of the city not only in a physical sense but socially as well.
    Finally, archeological evidence can reveal a great deal about certain aspects of the religious and spiritual life of ancient societies.(A)When we are fortunate enough to find temples or other religious structures, we can determine their importance and their influence on the society.(B)But in other areas, it is very hard to interpret the evidence.(C)Thus we know little about ancient peoples’ belief systems, or their values and morals, their feelings about spirits, and so forth.(D)Even when we find material objects that might suggest such beliefs, we cannot ask anyone to explain their meaning but must go on what we know about other aspects of that society and later societies that seem to be similar to it.
    In sum, archeology gives us a chance to look into the past of the human species. But it is like doing a jigsaw puzzle with most of the pieces missing, and without a picture of the finished puzzle on the box to work from. We have a few things that fit together; we can guess about many others; but we really don’t have enough to put it all together with complete confidence. Every new piece we find fits somewhere, though, and we never know when the next piece will give us the key to a whole new section of the puzzle of life in prehistoric times. That is the challenge and the excitement of archeology.
If we find materials available only in faraway places, it can be inferred that______.
选项 A、these materials were very popular at that time and sold in many places
B、these materials were very easy to produce and were made locally
C、people in this place were hunting tribes and traveled to distant places
D、these materials were probably got by means of traveling or trading
答案D
解析 本题为推论题，考查考生能否对文章中没有明确阐述但明显暗示了的信息进行推测。题目问：如果我们发现了只存在于一个遥远的地方的某种物品，这可以说明什么?该问题涉及文章第三段对考古学方法的描述。概括地说，如果一种物品存在于一个遥远的地方，那么可以得知这些物品是通过旅行或交易带到此地的，即D为正确选项。但我们无法推知：这些物品在当时很流行，卖到很多地方这一事实(选项A)；这些物品很容易生产，而且是在当地生产的(选项B)；该地住着狩猎部族。他们到遥远的地方去旅行(选项C)。
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