首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
I’d like to discuss some of the ways researchers try to measure quality of life or well-being and the difficulties with such mea
I’d like to discuss some of the ways researchers try to measure quality of life or well-being and the difficulties with such mea
admin
2017-12-31
73
问题
I’d like to discuss some of the ways researchers try to measure quality of life or well-being and the difficulties with such measures. Traditionally, economists have used levels of standard of living as 【B1】______of quality of life among countries or within countries. For most of the 20th century the only measurement used to compare the standards of living of citizens of different countries was national 【B2】______. In the second half of the 20th century indices including 【B3】______and【B4】______indicators have been developed, so as to give a more 【B5】______picture of people’s living conditions. The best-known of these indices is the United Nations Human Development Index, or HDI, which was first published in【B6】______. There are three parts to this particular index: long and healthy life, education and standard of living. The concept of living a long and healthy life is captured by life【B7】______. Educational attainments are measured by two indicators: by adult【B8】______rates and by the ratio of combined【B9】______in education. Standard of living is measured in terms of Gross【B10】______Product per capita. But those three dimensions leave out other very important aspects of human development. The number of factors included is too【B11】______. Schumacher argued that【B12】______economics measure standard of living by the amount of annual【B13】______, assuming all the time that a person who consumes more is【B14】______off than another who consumes less. But a Buddhist economist would see this as 【B15】______. Since consumption is merely a【B16】______to human well-being, the aim should be to obtain the【B17】______of well-being with the 【B18】______of consumption. Therefore, 【B19】______GDP per capita would not be a【B20】______indicator of greater human development.
【B13】
In this part of the test, you will hear a short talk. You will hear the talk only once. While listening to the talk , you may take notes on the important points so that you have enough information to complete a gap-filling task. Then write your answer in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet. You will not get your Test Book until after you have listened to the talk.
Good morning. What I’d like to do in this short talk is to discuss some of the ways researchers try to measure quality of life or well-being and the difficulties with such measures. Of course the perception of high or low quality of life is subjective and may differ from individual to individual.
Traditionally, economists have used levels of standard of living as indicators of quality of life among countries or within countries. For most of the 20th century the only measurement used to compare the standards of living of citizens of different countries was national income—this was often criticised for various reasons, the main one being that standard of living should not be analysed only in terms of economic growth. In the second half of the 20th century economists and other social scientists started to develop indices which included social as well as economic indicators. The aim of these indices was to give a more holistic picture of the living conditions of different populations.
The best-known of these indices is the United Nations Human Development Index , or HDI, which was first published in 1990 . And I’d like to take a few minutes to talk about this particular index. The HDI is described in the UN Human Development Report for 2002 as a "simple summary measure of three dimensions of the human development concepts: living a long and healthy life, being educated and having a decent standard of living". So there are three parts to this particular index: long and healthy life, education and standard of living. Now the concept of living a long and healthy life is captured by life expectancy at birth. Although life expectancy does measure length of life it doesn’t necessarily reflect health status: in other words it isn’t always true that individuals who live longer are also healthy, in particular in the last years of life.
Educational attainments is measured in the HDI by two indicators: by adult literacy rates i. e. , the proportion of people aged at least 15 years old who can read and write a short simple statement on their everyday life and also by the ratio of combined enrolments in primary, secondary and tertiary education.
The final element in the HDI is standard of living and that is measured in terms of Gross Domestic Product per capita i. e. , GDP divided by the total population.
It is widely recognised that measuring only those three dimensions leaves out other very important aspects of human development. And one of the criticisms of the UN index is that the number of factors included is too limited. There are some other difficulties with the index, um, I don’t have time to discuss them all, but I will briefly mention some of them. Firstly there is the problem of what the index is actually measuring. For example, poverty is obviously a major contributor to poor quality of life, but the devastating consequences of absolute poverty are not transparent in measures like GDP per capita. Neither is the extent of income inequalities. Another important exclusion is the net effect of economic growth on the environment and its impact on quality of life. Secondly there is the issue of the quality and quantity of the information collected. The same methodology for data collection is not strictly applied in all countries, and the gaps in the tables used for the calculation of the index show that some components of the index are actually based on guesstimates. A third question we should ask is how well the Western concepts used in social well-being indices reflect the way that individuals in non-Western cultures perceive their quality of life. This can be illustrated by a discussion in Schumacher’s book Small Is Beautiful, when he compared modern economics by which he meant Western economics and Buddhist economics. He argued that Western economics measures standard of living by the amount of annual consumption, assuming all the time that a person who consumes more is better off than another who consumes less. On the other hand a Buddhist economist would see this as irrational. Since consumption is merely a means to human well-being, the aim should be to obtain the maximum of well-being with the minimum of consumption. Therefore, higher GDP per capita would not be a meaningful indicator of greater human development in Buddhist economics.
选项
答案
consumption
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/qgSO777K
本试题收录于:
NAETI高级口译笔试题库外语翻译证书(NAETI)分类
0
NAETI高级口译笔试
外语翻译证书(NAETI)
相关试题推荐
Theeraofdividedgovernmentbegins,inauspiciously.Willthepresidentbeabletoseethewoodforthesubpoenas?Isuspectth
Americans,increasinglyconsumedbyfearswhatChinaposesacommercialandmilitarythreat,shouldbemindfulofcompetitionfo
DoctorGrayconcededthatforascholartoquestionglobalwarmingcanputhisnextfederalgrantin________peril.
InDecember,WaymoLLC,theleadingdriverlesscarcompany,broughtouttheworld’sfirstcommercialrobo-taxiservice.Butfor
Betweenthe1950sand1980s,wesawtremendousimprovementsinthesafetyofthefoodweeatinEurope.Whatwecancallthe"fi
1.Ascompaniesincreasinglytestnewdrugsinothercountries,theyarestrugglingtodecidewhattheyowethepatientswhoserv
A、Mostcollegestudentslackascertainedlevelofproficientskills.B、Universitiesshoulddomoretobetterpreparethosecolle
The5thWorldInternetConferenceattractedabout1,500participantsfrom76countriesandregionsintheworld.
A、ThemachinesofLloyds.B、TheBankofScotland.C、TheBankofGreatBritain.D、TheLoyalBankofScotland.C
Itisdifficulttogiveadescriptionof【C1】______becausetheyvaryfromstatetostateandcitytocity.Sometownsallowth
随机试题
探测性调查适用的情况有()
诊断药源性疾病可采用以下几种方法
患者,男,56岁,体重102kg,因急性心肌梗死入院。护理体检:神清,心率110次/分,律齐,心电图提示急性广泛性前壁缺血。这是患者首次急性心肌梗死发作,由于对此毫无思想准备,他容易产生的情绪是()。
下列哪一项不属于商品期货?()
甲公司2018年10月从二级市场购入50万股股票,共支付价款200万元(其中包含已宣告但尚未领取的现金股利6万元),另支付交易费用2万元。甲公司购入后将其划分为以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产。2018年11月5日收到上述股利6万元。2018年
在中国境内无住所但在境内连续居住满5年的个人,从第6年起以后的各年度中,在计算缴纳个人所得税时,下列表述正确的有()。
六指猴侯六是新来为东家赶马车的,右手六手指,护院的都笑称他六指猴。侯六也不恼,伸出手问:“像六指猴吗?”“六指猴是江湖大盗,你是给东家赶马车的。”说完,大伙善意笑了。东家江大佬有钱,有钱的东家不住在泗州城。东家喜欢住
贞观元年,太宗谓侍臣曰:“自古帝王凡有兴造,必须贵顺物情。昔大禹凿九山,通九江,用人力极广,而无怨讟(dú)者,物情所欲,而众所共有故也。秦始皇营建宫室,而人多谤议者,为徇其私欲,不与众共故也。古人云:‘不作无益害有益。’‘不见可欲,使民心不乱。’固知见可
王某花20万元在某汽车4S店购买了一辆小汽车。3个月后,王某到4S店保养汽车时,员工告诉他:“你的车发生过事故,车门已整过。”王某心想,自己开车至今未发生过事故,因而怀疑自己所购车辆并非新车。后经证实,该4S店卖给王某的是一辆退货车。4S店将退货车卖给
网上作战是网络时代的新型侦查模式,侦查人员利用计算机、计算机网络及专门软件等辅助工具来发现犯罪、查清案件事实、收集案件证据与查缉嫌疑人。如果没有坚实的侦查基础工作,则相关犯罪信息不能被及时收集并录入专用的计算机网络,网上摸排与网上追逃也势必成为无本之木、无
最新回复
(
0
)