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  3. What if all Londoners, no matter how young or weak smoked for at least six years? In effect, they already do. 【F1】The city’s air

What if all Londoners, no matter how young or weak smoked for at least six years? In effect, they already do. 【F1】The city’s air

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问题    What if all Londoners, no matter how young or weak smoked for at least six years? In effect, they already do. 【F1】The city’s air pollution exacts an equivalent toll on each resident, cutting short the lives of nearly 10,000 people each year and damaging the lungs, hearts and brains of children.
   Yet few Londoners realize the things are this bad. Citizens of other big cities in the rich world are equally self-satisfied. Official air quality indices do exist They alert people when to stay at home, particularly those with asthma and other medical troubles. 【F2】But these indices focus on the immediate risk to health, which for most people are serious only when the air is almost unbreathable. No equivalent source of information exists to warn residents about the dangers that accumulate from much lower amounts of pollution. 【F3】It is all too easy for people to take the short-term index, which says "low pollution" most of the time, as an agent for their lifelong risks.
   Easy, and wrong. 【F4】Analysis of one year’s worth of pollution data from 15 big cities in the rich world by The Economist shows how far from the truth such assumption can be. Daytime levels of nitrogen dioxide in London exceeded the limit for hazardous one-year exposure for 79% of the time, and were on average 41% above the guideline. About half the time both nitrogen dioxide and fine particulates were above the limit In daytime Paris, at least one of those pollution exceeded the WHO’s limit for 82% of the time. 【F5】Pollution is less of a problem in American cities, partly because most cars run on petrol and emit less nitrogen dioxide than vehicles which are preferred in Europe.
   A dependable long-term air quality index, similar in design to existing short-term gauges, is needed in the world’s big cities. That would educate policymakers and voters about the nature of the problem. It would help doctors give routine advice to pregnant women, children and other more vulnerable people on how to reduce exposure to pollution. And it would enable the development of apps and products that can deliver practical advice to everyone.
   Reducing air pollution may take lots of money, time and compromise. But telling people just how bad pollution is for them and how to avoid it is easy and cheap. Not everyone will heed the advice. But even if a minority do, thousands of people in every big city will live longer, healthier lives.
【F5】
选项
答案在美国城市，污染是一个较小的问题，部分原因是大多数美国汽车燃用汽油驱动，与欧洲人喜欢的车辆相比，其排放的二氧化氮更少。
解析 ①本句为一个主从复合句。主句中短语less of意为“较少(或小)”。主句中in American cities作地点状语，说明pollution is less of a problem的地点。②原因状语从句中，包含两个并列的谓宾结构run on petrol和emit…than…in Europe。第二个谓宾结构包含一个比较结构less A than B，意为“A比B更少”。③此后为一个which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词vehicles；in Europe在定语从句中地点作状语，说明vehicles are preferred的地点。
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