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  3. For more than a decade, the prevailing view of innovation has been that little guys had the edge. Innovation bubbled up from the

For more than a decade, the prevailing view of innovation has been that little guys had the edge. Innovation bubbled up from the

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问题     For more than a decade, the prevailing view of innovation has been that little guys had the edge. Innovation bubbled up from the bottom, from upstarts and insurgents. Big companies didn’t innovate, and government got in the way. In the dominant innovation narrative, venture-backed start-up companies were cast as the nimble winners and large corporations as the sluggish losers.
    There was a rich vein of business-school research supporting the notion that innovation comes most naturally from small-scale outsiders. That was the headline point that a generation of business people, venture investors and policy makers took away from Clayton M. Christensen’s 1997 classic, The Innovator’s Dilemma, which examined the process of disruptive change.
    But a shift in thinking is under way, driven by altered circumstances. In the United States and abroad, the biggest economic and social challenges—and potential business opportunities—are problems in multifaceted fields like the environment, energy and health care that rely on complex systems.
    Solutions won’t come from the next new gadget or clever software, though such innovations will help. Instead, they must plug into a larger network of change shaped by economics, regulation and policy. Progress, experts say, will depend on people in a wide range of disciplines, and collaboration across the public and private sectors.
    "These days, more than ever, size matters in the innovation game," said John Kao, a former professor at the Harvard business school and an innovation consultant to governments and corporations. In its economic recovery package, the Obama administration is financing programs to generate innovation with technology in health care and energy. The government will spend billions to accelerate the adoption of electronic patient records to help improve care and curb costs, and billions more to spur the installation of so called smart grids that use sensors and computerized meters to reduce electricity consumption.
    In other developed nations, where energy costs are higher than in the United States, government and corporate projects to cut fuel use and reduce carbon emissions are further along. But the Obama administration is pushing environmental and energy conservation policy more in the direction of Europe and Japan. The change will bolster demand for more efficient and more environmentally friendly systems for managing commuter traffic, food distribution, electric grids and waterways.
    These systems are animated by inexpensive sensors and ever-increasing computing power but also require the skills to analyze, model and optimize complex networks, factoring in things as diverse as weather patterns and human behavior. Big companies like General Electric and IBM that employ scientists in many disciplines typically have the skills and scale to tackle such projects.
Big companies have the advantage of ______.
选项 A、making complex networks work in a coordinated way
B、reducing the cost by producing things in large quantities
C、being able to integrate innovations across complex systems
D、controlling human behavior with imposed restraints on creativity
答案C
解析 细节题。第六、七段提到了在当今时代，大公司在创新上所拥有的优势，这个优势在最后一段最后一句得到了明确的阐述，即大公司雇用不同学科领域的科学家来协作解决复杂的问题。实际上，自第三段之后，作者就转而谈论大公司的优势，第三段之后的逻辑是：时代的变化使问题变得复杂起来，过去一些独立的创新已经不能解决目前复杂的问题，复杂的问题只能通过不同领域里创新的综合来得以解决。因此，正确答案为选项C项。
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