首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she
admin
2015-05-24
37
问题
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she told me the story of the day’s sickest child. Before she sent the child to the emergency room in an ambulance, she told me, she gave her 50 milligrams per kilogram of ceftriaxone, a powerful antibiotic.
"You probably saved her life," I said, and my friend nodded: it was possible. Antibiotics represent a huge gift in the struggle against infant and child mortality, a triumph(or actually, many triumphs)of human ingenuity and science over disease and death, since the antibiotic era began back in the fourth and fifth decades of the 20th century.
But new research is looking at questions about the complex effects of antibiotics—on bacteria, on individual children, and on populations—building on a greatly increased awareness of how powerful antibiotics can be, and how important it is to use them judiciously.
Over the past 15 years or so, spurred by new realizations—and new fears—about the risks of breeding resistant strains of bacteria, pediatricians in the United States have, as a group, cut back dramatically on prescribing antibiotics in situations where they may not be necessary. Parents, as a group, have become less likely to demand them.
"It’s actually been a remarkable change in practice from the mid-90s on," said Dr. Jonathan Finkelstein, a pediatrician at Boston Children’s Hospital who studies antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, "and we did that by physicians and patients recognizing that antibiotics are quite effective, quite safe, but there’s no such thing as a free lunch, and as with any other medical decision, we have to weigh the risks and benefits of every treatment. "
There has been a lot of discussion about whether ear infections should always be treated with antibiotics, or whether in some situations(older child, less ill)"watchful waiting" might be appropriate—but it’s also true that many of us have become much more reluctant to diagnose ear infections in borderline cases.
In a study that Dr. Finkelstein and his colleagues published this year, looking at antibiotic use in children in Massachusetts, the rate at which antibiotics were dispensed to the youngest group(3 to 24 months)had decreased 24 percent by 2008—2009 from 2000—2001. That drop was largely driven by a declining rate of diagnosis of ear infections.
We always knew there were immediate risks to antibiotics. Children could have allergic reactions. They could get diarrhea. Babies could get unpleasant yeast infections—severe diaper rash, thrush in the mouth. But still, the thinking back when I trained was that after the antibiotics, the body would return to normal.
" When antibiotics were developed, they were miraculous for all the reasons that you know," said Dr. Martin J. Blaser, the chairman of medicine at New York University School of Medicine. "With few exceptions, there was almost no long-term toxicity that was identifiable, and so everybody thought that if you took an antibiotic, it could produce some immediate upset—it could produce a rash, loose bowels—and then everything would return to normal, bounce back to normal. But in fact there was no real exploration of that. It just became an article of faith. "
Dr. Blaser has devoted himself to a study of what is now called the microbiome, the bacterial population that lives on us and in us, and the effects of perturbing that population by antibiotic use. He and other researchers are asking questions about whether alterations in the microbiome may be linked to many different patterns of health, growth and disease. It’s an area of investigation that is still new, but changing quickly.
Last summer, Dr. Blaser’s group published a study in The International Journal of Obesity in which they analyzed growth data from a large group of British children: those treated with antibiotics when very young(under 6 months)showed increased weight gain by a year of age, and were 22 percent more likely to be overweight at age 3.
The influence of early antibiotics on the lungs has also been examined. A study in last month’s issue of the journal Pediatrics looked epidemiologically at another large population of children, and found an association between childhood antibiotic treatment and the later development of inflammatory bowel disease.
Every one of these researchers started with an antibiotic pledge of allegiance. " We clearly have to use antibiotics and are lucky to have them around," said Dr. Matthew P. Kronman, lead author on the bowel disease study, who is a specialist in pediatric infectious diseases at the Seattle Children’s Hospital. "It’s just that we are still learning what all of their effects are. "
The phrase "in borderline cases" in Paragraph Six means that______.
选项
A、when patients can’t make up a decision
B、when antibiotics can be used or not used
C、when doctors can’t diagnose ear infections
D、when patients are in dangerous situations
答案
B
解析
语义理解题。由题干定位至第六段。borderline原意为“边界上的,边界附近的”,由该段中的many of ushave become much more reluctant to diagnose ear infections in borderline cases可知,很多人在可选择的情况下,都不太愿意使用抗生素了,故选[B]。从第六段的内容可以看出,borderline cases是指这两种情况:总是使用抗生素,或是在某些情况下进行“等待观察”,所以其余三个选项均可排除。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/rDOO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoney
______iswell-knownforitsimportantroleintheAmericanspacenavigationprogram.
Allsocialanimalscommunicatewitheachother,frombeesandantstowhalesandapes,butonlyhumanshavedevelopedthelangua
TheAmericanWay:FreedomTheheartoftheAmericancalendarisJuly4Americanshavecelebrat-ed-thisdateas"Independence
Arecentreportshowsthatmanygraduatejob-seekersstudyexceptionallyhardtogethighgradesinvariousEnglishtests.They
Mergersandtakeoversmeantheactivitiesthattwoormorebusinessesjointogetherandoperateasoneorganization.Mergersus
Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,it’sonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottooma
Amonghisfamousnovels,TessoftheD’Urbervillesand______areregardedasthesummitofHardy’srealism.
ErnestHemingwayputsforwardafamousprincipleinliterarywriting,whichis
A、BecauseIndiaandChinafoughtthere.B、Becauseitbecomesdependentontheimport.C、BecausetheIndiangovernmentregardedt
随机试题
Theenergywhichthesunradiatesgoesineverydirection,andonlyaminutepartofitfallsontheearth.Evenso,itrepresen
男性,35岁,左侧睾丸发现无痛性肿物,直径4cm,切面淡黄色,实性,较细腻,镜下为均匀一致的胞浆透明的多边形肿瘤细胞排列成巢状,纤维组织间质内有炎细胞浸润。病理诊断为
以下对于个人独资企业和合伙企业个人所得税征收的表述中,正确的是()。
某市某木制品厂为增值税一般纳税人,2016年6月发生以下业务:(1)从某林场收购自产原木一批,收购凭证上注明收购价款200000元。(2)该厂将收购的原木从收购地直接运往异地的A加工厂生产加工实木复合地板,实木复合地板加工完毕,支付了加工费,取得A加工
科源公司下设A、B两个投资中心,A投资牛心的投资额为400万元,投资报酬率为16%;B投资中心的投资报酬率为17%,剩余收益为40万元;科源公司的资本成本为12%。科源公司决定追加投资100万元,可增加部门边际贡献15万元。要求:(1)计
国际收支是从微观上反映一个国家的内部经济与国外经济往来的总体状况的。()
下列关于社会环境因素中同辈群体的说法,正确的有()。
只要是创新,就会突破一些条条框框,往往越是重大的创新,对传统标准的______也会越大。我们鼓励创新,就不能把所有的现行技术标准都当成______,而要一定程度上允许新技术去挑战某些旧的标准,只有这样,才不会让旧的标准成为阻挡创新的绊脚石。填入横线处最恰
地壳中的沉积岩随着层状物质的聚集以及上层物质的压力使下层的物质变为岩石而硬化。某一特定沉积岩层中含有异常数量的钇元素被认为是6000万年前一陨石撞击地球理论的有力证据。与地壳相比,陨石中富含钇元素。地质学家创立的理论认为,当陨石与地球相撞时会升起巨大的富钇
软件(程序)调试的任务是
最新回复
(
0
)