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  3. Even if almost nothing is known about the neuroanatomy of symboling, a great deal is known about the evolution of mind (or "mind

Even if almost nothing is known about the neuroanatomy of symboling, a great deal is known about the evolution of mind (or "mind

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问题     Even if almost nothing is known about the neuroanatomy of symboling, a great deal is known about the evolution of mind (or "minding," if mind is considered as a process rather than a thing), in which one finds symboling as the characteristic of a particular stage of development. The evolution of minding can be traced in the following sequence of stages. First is the simple reflexive stage, in which behaviour is determined by the intrinsic properties of both the organism and the thing reacted to—for example, the contraction of the pupil of the eye under increased stimulation by light. Second is the conditioned reflex stage, in which the response is elicited not
by properties intrinsic in the stimulus but by meanings that the stimulus has acquired for the responding organism through experience—for example, Pavlow’s dog’s salivary glands responding to the sound of a bell. Third is the instrumental stage, as exemplified by a chimpanzee knocking down a banana with a stick. Here the response is determined by the intrinsic properties of the things involved (banana stick, chimpanzee’s neurosensory-muscular system), but a new element has been introduced into behaviour, namely, the exercise of control by the reacting organism over things in the external world. And, finally, there is the symbol stage. In which the configuration of behaviour involves nonintrinsic meanings.
    The first two stages exhibit a characteristic of the evolution of all living things: a movement in the direction of making life more secure and enduring. In the first stage the organism distinguishes between the beneficial, the injurious, and the neutral, but it must come into direct contact with the object or event in question to do so. In the second stage the organism may react at a distance, as it were—that is, through an intermediate stimulus. The conditioned reflex brings signs into the life process; one thing or event may serve as an indication of something else—food, danger, and so forth. And, since anything can serve as a sign of anything else(a green triangle can mean food, sex, or an electric shock to the laboratory rat), the reactions of the organism are emancipated from the limitations that stage one imposes upon living things, namely, the intrinsic properties of things. The possibility of obtaining life-sustaining things and of avoiding life-destroying things is thus much enhanced, and the security and continuity of life are correspondingly increased.  
Which of the following statements is TRUE according to this passage?
选项 A、The achievements of stage four are based on the ones of the previous three stages.
B、Symboling is the characteristic of each of the four stages of development.
C、The two aspects of the evolution of minding are symboling and articulate speech.
D、The factor of referring meanings of things involved is significant in all the four stages of development.
答案A
解析 全篇大意可以概括为“心智第四阶段的成绩基于前三个阶段的成绩。”正确答案为[A]。
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