首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Urbanization and City Infrastructure Urbanization is defined as the increase in a city’s population over time and can occur
Urbanization and City Infrastructure Urbanization is defined as the increase in a city’s population over time and can occur
admin
2013-04-25
26
问题
Urbanization and City Infrastructure
Urbanization is defined as the increase in a city’s population over time and can occur due to a variety of factors including the natural expansion of a city’s population, the conversion of a rural area to an urban one, or the migration to urban areas by those who previously inhabited rural environments.
(A) Urbanization is an ever-increasing trend; one that can be observed in areas throughout the world as economies begin to rely more on manufacturing and business for revenue.
(B) Working and living in large cities is gradually replacing the traditional rural careers such as small-scale agriculture.
(C) It is estimated that within the next century, more than half of the world’s citizens will reside in cities.
(D)
While some cities are planned, most cities are organic, meaning that urbanization in these areas takes place with little or no advanced planning. While the increase in urban areas and its population has yielded positive effects such as an increased concentration of businesses and more career opportunities, researchers have also discovered a host of detrimental effects on the areas in transformation from rural areas to urban centers.
The concerns about urbanized areas worldwide differ somewhat in their relative importance, but many cite traffic congestion, inadequate public transportation, insufficient waste disposal facilities, inadequate solid waste collection, and a lack of water and sewage treatment facilities as primary concerns. One hundred years ago in Australia, the commute from Paramatta to the center of Sydney took approximately an hour by horse and cart. Today, the same trip in a car takes longer. Opponents of unplanned urbanization have also pointed out the destruction of agricultural land and animal habitat as a negative consequence of urbanization.
Many of these problems could be eliminated, or at least mitigated, through the construction and maintenance of appropriate city infrastructure. Although the term is somewhat ambiguous, it was traditionally understood to mean roads and sewers. However, the U.S. National Research Council opted to widen the definition of public works infrastructure to refer to roads, bridges, mass transit systems, and water and waste management systems.
Chief among the concerns of city dwellers is the issue of traffic jams and general congestion, and the corresponding difficulty in navigating the streets of any large urban area. Appropriate infrastructure, however, could serve as a useful tool in curtailing this problem. Two factors that exacerbate traffic congestion in a typical city are narrow streets and a lack of off-road parking, which would force many workers to park on the side of the road. Several solutions to the excessive traffic in urban areas have been proposed. Firstly, the construction of bypasses would eliminate the amount of traffic in the downtown areas, as travelers could use faster, more direct routes to arrive at their destination. Parking concerns could be addressed by constructing parking garages consisting of several stories. In this way, many cars could be stored in a relatively small amount of space.
Closely related to the previous problem is the issue of inadequate public transportation. People will choose to ride buses; however, the system must be efficient and reliable. The establishment of a variety of mass transit systems such as subways, buses, and ferries could provide a feasible alternative to those that use their own vehicles to travel to their jobs in the city.
Many cities have concerns about the problems involving waste collection and disposal. Along with education about waste diversion techniques such as composting and recycling, the development of city infrastructure can play a key role in ensuring adequate waste treatment. This would include the construction of easily accessible recycling facilities and appropriately placed composting facilities. In addition, urban areas should ensure there is a citywide transit system in place to collect solid waste.
Finally, citizens in many urban areas have concerns regarding sewage treatment plants and water treatment facilities. The development of such facilities in an acceptable area, typically in a location outside of the city, could effectively deal with these concerns. Not only would this infrastructure improve the health of the citizens, but it would also benefit the environment by reducing the amount of pollution in the form of sewage entering water sources.
The word "ambiguous" in the passage is closest in meaning to
选项
A、undecided.
B、recent.
C、difficult.
D、equivocal.
答案
D
解析
词汇题 ambiguous的意思是“含糊不清的,不明确的”,因此选项中equivocal(含糊的)与其意思最接近。很多考试里都会出现ambiguous这个词。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/rKyO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Questions36-40AnswerthefollowingquestionsusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.
Qusetions5-10AnswerthefollowingquestionsusingNOMORETHANTHRESSWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswerNUMBERforeach
Completethesummarybelow.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.PROJECTMANAGENTLastweek’sdefinitionofpro
TheproblemthatConstableGraydescribesis
"ResearchMethodology"Closescientificmethodbasedonempiricalevidence(=(21))Findaresearchproblemorques
Questions31-33AnswerthefollowinginformationaboutBritishEducationScholarshipsusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORNUMB
STUDENTBANKINGNote:Maynotbeallowedallfacilitiesgiventoresidentstudents.FundingMustprovide【T14】______.Icans
WhatdoesLindathinkaboutthebooksonMatthew’sreadinglist?ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhatTWOthingsdoesJoanneagreetodiscusswithhertutor?AThebestwaystocollaboratewithother
Choosethecorrectanswer,A,BorC.WhatchangecausedchangesincrocodilepopulationsinNorthAfrica?
随机试题
某化工厂排放的污水会影响鱼类生长,但其串通某环境影响评价机构获得虚假环评文件从而得以建设。该厂后来又串通某污水处理设施维护机构,使其污水处理设施虚假显示从而逃避监管。该厂长期排污致使周边水域的养殖鱼类大量死亡。面对养殖户的投诉,当地环境保护主管部门一直未采
钢丝刷使用中会发生(),需要定期()。
非甾体类消炎止痛药的作用机制是
()应建立安全管理体系和安全生产责任制,安全员应持证上岗,保证项目安全目标的实现。
设置外币及汇率。
会计恒等式“资产=负债+所有者权益”是设置账户、进行复式记账和编制资产负债表的理论依据。()
企业拥有的一项经济资源,即使没有发生实际成本或者发生的实际成本很小,但如果公允价值能够可靠计量,也应认为符合资产能够可靠计量的确认条件。()
当前我国既处于发展的重要战略机遇期,又处于社会矛盾凸显期。要充分认识新形势下加强和创新社会管理的重大意义。统筹经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设.把社会管理工作摆在更加突出的位置。社会管理的过程,就是不断解决矛盾的过程。一些地方积极探索
导游员在到机场接待散客前应认真阅读接待计划,记下()等。
利用变换x=arctant将方程+y=tanx化为y关于t的方程,并求原方程的通解.
最新回复
(
0
)