首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Navigation Acts of Colonial America P1: Throughout the colonial period, after the middle of the seventeenth century, the one gre
Navigation Acts of Colonial America P1: Throughout the colonial period, after the middle of the seventeenth century, the one gre
admin
2018-10-18
54
问题
Navigation Acts of Colonial America
P1: Throughout the colonial period, after the middle of the seventeenth century, the one great source of irritation between the mother country and her colonies was found in a number of laws, called the Navigation Acts. For example, the Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663 forbade the importing into or the exporting from the British colonies of any goods except in English or colonial ships and it forbade certain enumerated articles— tobacco, sugar, cotton, wool, dyeing woods, etc.—to be shipped to any country, except to England or an English plantation. Similarly, the Molasses Act of 1733 placed a prohibitive duty—sixpence per gallon—on the importation of sugar from non-English colonies, forcing the American rum distillers to buy more costly sugar from the British West Indies. This act was intended less to raise revenue than to serve as a protective tariff that would benefit British West Indian sugar producers at the expense of their French rivals.
P2: The British Parliament enacted such mechanisms as protectionist trade barriers,governmental regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries for the purpose of augmenting British finances at the expense of colonial territories and other European imperial powers. But these policies ensured Great Britain’s rise as Europe’s foremost shipping nation, and in one respect greatly stimulated American industry, laying the foundations for an American shipbuilding industry and merchant marine. The shipbuilding industry in the colonies first came as an outgrowth of the British industry and then as its own entity. The swift expansion of colonial shipping in turn accelerated urbanization by creating a need for centralized docks, warehouses, and repair shops in the colonies. By 1770, Philadelphia and New York City had emerged as two of the British Empire’s busiest ports.
P3: In addition to restrictions on the trade between colonies and non-English parties, England also specified certain products that could be sold only to British merchants. Included in the list of enumerated goods were products most generally considered to England’s wealth and power: sugar, tobacco, rice, cotton, indigo, and later furs and iron. Parliament never restricted grain, livestock, fish, lumber, or rum, which altogether made up 60 percent of American colonial exports. The Act further reduced the burden on exporters of tobacco and rice—the chief mainland commodities affected—with two significant concessions. First, Parliament gave tobacco growers a monopoly over the British market by excluding foreign tobacco,even though this hurt British consumers as rice planters enjoyed a natural monopoly because they had no competitors. Second, by refunding the duties on all tobacco and rice that the colonists later shipped to other countries, Parliament minimized the added cost of land used for tobacco and rice in Britain, where customs officials collected duties on both.
P4: Another impact the navigation system had on the colonies was to encourage economic diversification. Parliament used British tax revenues to pay modest incentives to Anglo-Americans producing such items as silk, iron, dyes, hemp, and lumber, and it imposed protective tariffs on items from other commercial rivals. The trade laws did in large-scale prohibit Anglo-Americans from competing with British manufacturing for certain products, most notably clothing. However, colonial tailors, hatters, and other small clothes manufacturers could continue to make any item of dress in their households or small shops. Manufactured by low-paid labor, British clothing imports generally undersold whatever the colonists could have produced and exported.
P5: The Navigation Acts succeeded in making the colonies a protected market for low-priced exports from Britain. Steady overseas demand for colonial products spawned a prosperity that enabled colonists to consume ever larger amounts of goods—not only clothing, but dishware, home furnishings, tea, and a range of other items both produced in Britain and imported by British and colonial merchants from elsewhere. Consequently, the share of British exports sold to the colonies rapidly increased, which made Britain itself the wealthiest nation in Europe and the Atlantic world while resulting in a "consumer revolution" in British America.
P3: In addition to restrictions on the trade between colonies and non-English parties, England also specified certain products that could be sold only to British merchants. Included in the list of enumerated goods were products most generally considered to England’s wealth and power: sugar, tobacco, rice, cotton, indigo, and later furs and iron. ■ Parliament never restricted grain, livestock, fish, lumber, or rum, which altogether made up 60 percent of American colonial exports. ■ The Act further reduced the burden on exporters of tobacco and rice—the chief mainland commodities affected—with two significant concessions. ■ First, Parliament gave tobacco growers a monopoly over the British market by excluding foreign tobacco, even though this hurt British consumers as rice planters enjoyed a natural monopoly because they had no competitors. Second, by refunding the duties on all tobacco and rice that the colonists later shipped to other countries, Parliament minimized the added cost of land used for tobacco and rice in Britain, where customs officials collected duties on both. ■
The word "significant" in the passage is closest in meaning to
选项
A、problematic
B、considerable
C、minor
D、temporary
答案
B
解析
【词汇题】significant此处意为“因重大而重要”。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/rffO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Writethecorrectletter,A-F,nexttoquestions21-26.AVideoResourceCentreBReadingRoomCFoodServiceCentreDPeriodic
Writethecorrectletter,A-F,nexttoquestions21-26.AVideoResourceCentreBReadingRoomCFoodServiceCentreDPeriodic
Completethesentencesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.FootballintheUKPriortothe19thcentury,footballplaye
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOaspectsdidthenewrulesattheendofthe19thcenturyfocuson?AcooperationBcompetitio
Whatdideachpersonsaywastheprincipalcauseofstressforthem?ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectlett
Whatdideachpersonsaywastheprincipalcauseofstressforthem?ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectlett
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.ExampleMIDDLEBURYLANGUAGESCHOOLCLASS
Whattaskhasbeendistributedtoeachperson?TasksAAcknowledgementBMethodologyCBibliographyDLiteraturereviewERe
Whattaskhasbeendistributedtoeachperson?TasksAAcknowledgementBMethodologyCBibliographyDLiteraturereviewERe
Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,orC.WhywasJeninvitedtotheprofessor’spersonalproject?
随机试题
具有手动检查各部位或探测区火灾报警信号处理和显示功能的火灾报警控制器,应设专用自检总指示灯(器),只要有部位或探测区处于检查状态,该自检总指示灯(器)均应点亮,应满足的下述要求,其中说法错误的是()。
抗磷脂抗体
患儿4岁,患病日久,小便频数,淋沥不尽,尿液不清,精神倦怠,面色苍黄,饮食不振,甚则畏寒怕冷,手足不温,大便稀薄,眼睑微浮,舌质淡或有齿痕,苔薄腻,脉细少力。应先考虑尿频属哪个证型
男性,60岁,半年来干咳无痰,呼吸困难,进行性加重,乏力,消瘦,双肺VelCro哕音,杵状指。为进一步明确应首选以下哪项检查
缺铁性贫血最常见的病因是
用药前需要做皮试的药物包括
房地产经纪机构中,代理与行纪的区别主要在于()。
施工机械费中,台班单价中的不变费用包括()
下列属于侵犯注册商标专用权的是()。
与中国进出口贸易总额最大的国家或地区是()根据表格资料,下列国家和地区,中国与之贸易顺差最大的国家和地区是()
最新回复
(
0
)