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  3. Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behav

Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behav

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问题     Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various as pects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators.  But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they are working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it is easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for re wards."
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary’ a chievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenbcrger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to’ tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward ______.
选项 A、the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
B、the amount of monetary rewards for students’creativity
C、the study of relationship between actions and their consequence
D、the effects of external rewards on students’performance
答案D
解析 本题考查学生对第一段的理解。问题是“心理学家在…的态度上有分歧?”第一段第1句讲到外界的奖励，无论是热情的赞扬还是金钱，对学生的学习积极性和创造性究竟有什么影响，心理学家在此问题上持截然相反的观点。由此可见他们在外界的奖励对学生的学习和表现有什么影响的问题上是有分歧的。因此D项正确。
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