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  3. Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probabl

Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probabl

admin2010-11-02  79
问题      Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely.
     But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work?
    The Industrial Age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The Industrial Age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting(使人畏缩的) thought. But, in fact, it could offer a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.
     Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home loves and the places in which they love.
     Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In preindustrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to the paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and families to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.
     It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded—a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.
     All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs.
According to the passage, what do the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries mean?
选项
答案People have to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselves.
解析
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