首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gust
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gust
admin
2010-02-20
61
问题
Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung.
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, was the founder of psychoanalysis and, some would say, of modern psychology itself. The main hypothesis of Freud’s theory is that human behavior is determined primarily by unconscious motives. These unconscious motives can be discovered through the use of free association, that is, through talking out problems with the patient. Freud’s theory of personality involved three broad areas of investigation into human behavior: structural, dynamic, and ’developmental. Structurally, Freud divided the human personality into id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious part of self. It is the repository(资源) of one’s instinctual needs and drives. Freud posed that it consisted of everything psychological that was inherited.
The ego is the rational aspect of the personality. It governs the impulsive needs created by the id and decides which needs can and will be Satisfied according to the conditions of the environment. The superego is the conscience, the ethical(伦理的) or moral aspect of personality. It is formed by the traditional values and ideals of the society or culture in which a person is born. The superego strives for the ideal. The "con science" part provides guilt feelings when moral values are violated. The "ego-ideal" part provides feelings of pride when the self acts in consonance with traditional values of the group.
Freud’s dynamic concepts involved instinct, libido, and anxiety. Generally, we term behavior as instinctive if it occurs without any apparent opportunity of its having been learned. Freud’s "instinct" differed in that it refers to an inborn bodily condition represented by "wish" and "need". Libido is descriptive of one’s emotional or psychic energy. This energy enables life "instincts" to perform their work and is derived from primitive biological urges--for example, the sex drive. Thus, the libido is usually goal directed. Anxiety, in psychological terms, is an uncontrollable state of fear often unrelated to a specific object or event. Freud’s developmental concepts included identification,’ displacement, defense mechanisms, and psycho sexual stages. Identification labels the behavior of an individual who imitates another person or group ( movie star, gangster, etc. ). Displacement occurs when the instinct is blocked and the frustrated energy is then diverted to substitute objects. Defense mechanisms (repression, projection, and reaction) describe behavior reacting to relieve extreme pressure and to defend the ego. Psychosexual stages refer to the five set stages of an individual, from birth through adolescence: oral (breast-sucking babyhood), anal (toilet-training period), phallic ( 36 years development of sexual feelings) , latancy ( intermediate stage between phallic and beginning of puberty(青春期) ,and genital( formation of genuine relationships and the end of narcissism(自我陶醉).
Freud’s two disciples broke with the master largely over the centrality of sex in Freud’s theorizing. Alfred Adler maintained that man was more a social being than a sexual one, and that individuals are primarily motivated by social interests. Carl Jung also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for hu man behavior. He stressed goal direction beyond childhood, as well as the influence of the ancestral past in such things as magic, power, and hero worship.
Freud’s concepts included a ______.
选项
A、denial of instinctive behavior in animals and humans
B、belief that religion properly modled the conscience so that the id could be controlled
C、belief that human behavior can be explained primarily by the unconscious motives of individuals
D、belief that human behavior is completely controlled by the "conscience" part
答案
C
解析
在文章的第二段可以看到The main hypothesis of Freud’s theory is that human behavior is determined primarily by unconscious motives,可以看出它与选项C相似。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/sivO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Whatdoesitmeantorelax?Despite【C1】______thousandsoftimesduringthecourseofourlives,【C2】______havedeeplyconsidered
A、Christmasordershavegivenaboosttooursalesby6,000units.B、SinceChristmasordersstopped,oursalesfellbyalargem
OurculturehascausedmostAmericanstoassumenotonlythatourlanguageisuniversalbutthatthegesturesweuseareunderst
TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)is【C1】______dealingwiththeglobalrulesoftradebetweennations.Ithasmorethan【C2】____
Americannolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.
A、Jane’swritingisonlyaverage.B、Janemisspellstoomanywordsinheressay.C、Janeshouldn’timproveherspelling.D、Janeca
A、Ourassignmentcanhardlybecompletedwithoutacomputerofmyown.B、Thestatisticsinthestudentcenteraremessedup,thu
A、Inthefollowingmonths,thesaleswillincreaseafterinitialdrop.B、It’shardtosustaintheincreaseofsales,thusitkee
Thecaseforcollegehasbeenacceptedwithoutquestionformorethanageneration.Allhighschoolgraduatesoughttogo,says
Tenyearsago,insettlingthelargestcivillawsuitintheUShistory,thetobaccoindustryagreedtopaythe50states$246bi
随机试题
阅读案例并回答下列问题。财政政策的实践20世纪60年代,肯尼迪总统采用凯恩斯主义经济学的观点,使财政政策成为美国对付衰退和通货膨胀的主要武器之一。肯尼迪总统提出削减税收来帮助经济走出低谷,这些措施实施以后,美国经济开始迅速增长。但是,减
找出下图所示桁架中的零杆。
垂体催乳素腺瘤妇女的高催乳素血症长期不予治疗可发生
中国居民企业A公司分别控股了两家公司甲国B1公司、甲国B2公司,持股比例分别为50%、50%;B1持有丙国C1公司30%股份,B2持有丙国C2公司50%股份。C1、C2分别持有戊国D公司20%、40%股份。2019年相关业务如下:(1)B1公司应纳税所
B公司生产乙产品,乙产品直接人工标准成本相关资料如下表所示:假定B公司实际生产乙产品10000件,实际耗用总工时25000小时,实际应付直接人工工资550000元。要求:计算乙产品标准工资率和直接人工标准成本。
所谓“帕累托最优”是指()。
广告花费最高的是( )年度增长最慢的是( )
“吉稀之年”指的是多少岁?
I’llgototheairporttomorrowmorningto______agoodfriendwholeavesforAustralia.
Thisisthemicroscope______whichwehavehadsomuchtrouble.
最新回复
(
0
)