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  3. From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put

From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put

admin2020-11-04  37
问题    From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put our trust in those we do not know. Now researchers have revealed that strangers are more likely to be trusted if they look like someone who has earned your trust before—and more likely to be distrusted if they resemble someone who has betrayed your faith in them.
   While previous research has shown how people can learn whether others are trustworthy over time, the team say it was unclear how an initial judgment is made about whether to trust or cooperate with someone. "What we wanted to figure out was what happens when you come across somebody for the first time," said Dr. Oriel FeldmanHall, co-author of the research and a social neuroscientist from Brown University.
   A team of researchers in the US reveal how they asked 29 participants to either keep $10 or invest all— or part—of it with one of three men they did not know but whose photographs they were shown. The team then carried out a second experiment in which participants were asked to pick a partner for a new game: either a player whose face they couldn’t see, or a player whose face they were shown in a photograph.
   The results reveal that the more a possible player looked like the trusted individual from the previous game, the more likely participants were to select them as their partner for the next task, while an even stronger negative effect was found for those who resembled the untrustworthy man in the initial game. Just over 68% of participants turned down the pictured player if he bore any resemblance to the untrustworthy man.
   FeldmanHall noted the findings are similar to the seminal (开创性的) experiments in which Russian scientist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov’s dogs learned to associate the sound of a certain bell with food. "If Pavlov would ring a similar type of bell, the dog would also salivate—it would just salivate a little bit less," said FeldmanHall.
   The team then carried out the same experiments with 28 new participants, while fMRI brain scanning took place. Among their findings, the team discovered that as the image of the potential candidate was tweaked to look more like the untrustworthy player of the initial game, activity in the amygdala (杏仁体) — an area of the brain linked to processing threat—became stronger.
   Antonio Espin, a behavioural economist from Middlesex University, London, said the study’s implications could be wide-ranging. "Interestingly, since the main reason for facial similarity is shared genes, the study not only advances our understanding of why we trust or distrust specific strangers but also has broader implications, for example, for ethnic or racial discrimination and in the evolutionary arena of partner selection. "
Researches show that trust in a stranger may be established on the basis of______.
选项 A、resemblance in appearance
B、degree of familiarity
C、characteristics of personality
D、possibility to be betrayed
答案A
解析 事实细节题。本题考查对陌生人产生信任感的基础。由定位句可知，研究人员已经揭示，如果陌生人看起来像那些之前已经赢得你信任的人，那么他们更有可能获得信任；而如果他们像某些曾经背弃你的人，那就难以取得你的信任了。可见，对陌生人产生信任的基础是外貌的相似性，故A)为答案。B)“熟悉程度”和C)“性格特点”与陌生人这一前提相矛盾，故排除；D)“遭到背叛的可能性”原文并没有明确提及，故排除。
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