首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"The Heredity Versus Environment Debate" P1 The past century has seen heated controversy about whether intelligence, which re
"The Heredity Versus Environment Debate" P1 The past century has seen heated controversy about whether intelligence, which re
admin
2018-06-21
42
问题
"The Heredity Versus Environment Debate"
P1 The past century has seen heated controversy about whether intelligence, which relates strongly to school achievement, is determined primarily by heredity or by environment. A When
IQ
tests were undergoing rapid development early in the twentieth century, many psychologists believed that intelligence was determined primarily by heredity. B
P2 Environmentalist view. By the middle of the twentieth century, numerous studies had counteracted the hereditarian view, and most social scientists took the position that environment is as important as or even more important than heredity in determining intelligence. C Social scientists who stress the environmentalist view of intelligence generally emphasize the need for continual compensatory programs beginning in infancy. Many also criticize the use of IQ tests on the grounds that these tests are culturally biased. D
P3 James Flynn, who collected similar data on other countries, found that "massive" gains in the IQ scores of the population in fourteen nations have occurred during the twentieth century. These improvements, according to Flynn’s analysis, largely stemmed not from genetic improvement in the population but from environmental changes that ied to gains in the kinds of skills assessed by IQ tests. Torsten Husen and his colleagues also have concluded, after reviewing large amounts of data, that improvements in economic and social conditions, and particularly in the availability of schooling, can produce substantial gains in average IQ from one generation to the next. In general, educators committed to improving the performance of low-achieving students find these studies encouraging.
P4 Hereditarian view. The hereditarian view of intelligence underwent a major revival in the 1970s and 1980s, based particularly on the writings of Arthur Jensen, Richard Herrnstein, and a group of researchers conducting the Minnesota Study of Twins. Summarizing previous research as well as their own studies, these researchers identified heredity as the major factor in determining intelligence—accounting for up to 80 percent of the variation in IQ scores.
P5 Jensen published a highly controversial study in the Harvard Educational Review in 1969. Pointing out that African-Americans averaged about 15 points below whites on IQ tests, Jensen attributed this gap to a genetic difference between the two races in learning abilities and patterns. Critics countered Jensen’s arguments by contending that a host of environmental factors that affect IQ, including malnutrition and prenatal care are difficult to measure and impossible to separate from hereditary factors. IQ tests are biased, they said, and do not necessarily even measure intelligence. After his 1969 article, Jensen has continued to cite data that he believed link intelligence primarily to heredity. His critics continue to respond with evidence that environmental factors, and schooling in particular, have a major influence on IQ.
P6 Synthesizers’ view. Certain social scientists have taken a middle, or "synthesizing," position in this controversy. The synthesizers’ view of intelligence holds that both heredity and environment contribute to differences in measured intelligence. For example, Christopher Jencks, after reviewing a large amount of data, concluded that heredity is responsible for 45 percent of the IQ variance, environment accounts for 35 percent, and interaction between the two ("interaction" meaning that particular abilities thrive or wither in specific environments) accounts for 20 percent. Robert Nichols reviewed all these and other data and concluded that the true value for heredity may be anywhere between 0.40 and 0.80 but that the exact value has little importance for policy. In general, Nichols and other synthesizers maintain that heredity determines the fixed limits of a range; within those limits, the interaction between environment and heredity yields the individual’s intelligence. In this view, even if interactions between heredity and environment limit our ability to specify exactly how much of a child’s intelligence reflects environmental factors, teachers (and parents) should provide each child with a productive environment in which to realize her or his maximum potential.
Glossary
IQ: intelligence quotient; a numerical value for intelligence
Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.
选项
A、Changes in the environment rather than genetic progress caused an increase in IQ scores, according to studies by Flynn.
B、Flynn’s studies were not conclusive in identifying the skills that resulted in improvements on IQ tests.
C、IQ test results in research by Flynn did not improve because of genetics and environment.
D、The reason that gains in IQ tests occurred was because of the changes in skills that were tested.
答案
A
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/sxfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.Researchingtheoriginofmedievalmanus
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.InwhichTWOareasdidtheseresearchfindingsdifferfromthoseoftheoriginalstudy?AStudents’int
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.TheTawnyOwlMost【L31】______owlspeciesinUKStronglynocturna
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.TheTawnyOwlMost【L31】______owlspeciesinUKStronglynocturna
Writethecorrectletter,A-F,nexttoquestions21-26.AVideoResourceCentreBReadingRoomCFoodServiceCentreDPeriodic
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.ChimpanzeeBehavioursSpeciesWecanfindPanorPanTroglody
ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,A-G,nexttoquestions37-40.AStudentUnionBuildingBNursery
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.PotterynotesEarthenwareadvantages:-po
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.Thecoursehasimprovedtheenvironmentsince
A、Theyhaveonlyrecentlybeendiscovered.B、Theywerepaintedbythecolonistswhoknewher.C、Mostofthemportrayherasach
随机试题
A.法的社会作用B.法的规范作用C.卫生法的立法目的D.卫生法基本原则E.卫生工作社会化人们在从事卫生活动过程中必须遵守的各种准则称为
合同履行中的抗辩权包括( )。
以下关于修改申报内容或者撤销申报的表述,正确的有()。
进口的一般应税消费品进口消费税的组成计税价格包括()。
央视的公益宣传片“FAMILY——有爱就有责任”让很多人印象深刻。这则广告把组成FAMlLY这个单词的每个字母都拆开来,并赋予其中几个字母在家庭中的某个角色,演绎了一个非常感人的关于孩子在家庭中成长的故事。故事中的F(爸爸)和M(妈妈)在I(孩子)小的时候
教师职业道德区别于其他职业道德的显著标注是清正廉洁。()
关于全国人民代表大会常务委员会职权表述正确的是()。
下列给定程序中,函数fun的功能是:把形参a所指数组中的奇数按原顺序依次存放到a[0]、a[1]、a[2]…中,把偶数从数组中删除,奇数个数通过函数值返回。例如,若a所指数组中的数据最初排列为:9,1,4,2,3,6,5,8,7,删除偶数后,a
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.HydropowerRenewable—constantsource(31)fromnatural
PlanningaWritingLessonI.Whatisagenre—variousinkind—featuresofgenre:layout,formalitylevel,language—variationb
最新回复
(
0
)