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In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcem

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问题     In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcement’ were introduced. In an educational setting, these (1)_____ could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2)_____, or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3)_____ in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teacher’s first action is called the (4)_____. The pupil’s action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5)_____ the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6)_____, the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond is weakened, and reinforcement is (7)_____
    Some psychologists laid great (8)_____ on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9)_____ that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. (10)_____, if his homework is not marked regularly, he will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teacher’s questions are (11)_____ or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any.
    Educational psychologists are, (12)_____, moving away from this simple, early (13)_____ of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to be more (14)_____ than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15)_____ the stimulus-response bond. It may (16)_____ confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17)_____ misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material have been learned. Thus (18)_____ may have the effect of increasing the learner’s confidence, backing up his previously (19)_____ knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20)_____ grasped.

选项 A、response
B、reaction
C、praise
D、feedback
答案D
解析 语义衔接题。本句前面的两个句子谈论的是feedback(反馈)，根据本句句首的Thus可以判断出，这里与前面的内容是因果关系，显然是承接上文而来，由此判断出，这里还应该填入feedback。response意为"反应"，虽然文章多次提到response，但是文章最后一段谈论的都是feedback，没有涉及response；reaction也意为"反应"，但这个词在文中没有提到，与上下文没有联系；praise意为"称赞"，虽然这个词放入句中语句通顺，但是没有上下文的承接。
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考研英语一

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