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  3. Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that has had a major impact on American culture from the late 19th century to the present

Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that has had a major impact on American culture from the late 19th century to the present

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问题     Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that has had a major impact on American culture from the late 19th century to the present. Pragmatism calls【C1】______ideas and theories to be tested in practice, by【C2】______whether acting upon the idea or theory produces desirable or undesirable results.
    The ideas of the pragmatists were considered【C3】______when they first appeared. To some critics, pragmatism’ s【C4】______to affirm any absolute standards carried negative implications for society.【C5】______, pragmatists do not believe that a single absolute idea of goodness or justice exists, but【C6】______that these concepts are changeable and depend on the【C7】______in which they are being discussed. The【C8】______of these absolutes, critics feared, could result in a(n) 【C9】______in moral standards. The pragmatists’ denial of absolutes,【C10】______, challenged the foundations of religion, government, and schools of thought.【C11】______, pragmatism influenced developments in psychology, sociology, and many other schools and movements.【C12】______political groups have also drawn【C13】______the assumptions of pragmatism, from the progressive movements of the early 20th century to later experiments in social reform.
    Pragmatism is best【C14】______in its historical and cultural context. It arose during the late 19th century, a period of rapid scientific advancement【C15】______by the theories of British biologist Charles Darwin, whose theories【C16】______to many thinkers that humanity and society are in a【C17】______state of progress. During this same period, a decline in【C18】______religious beliefs and values accompanied the industrialization and material progress of the time. In【C19】______it became necessary to rethink【C20】______ideas about values, religion, science, community, and individuality.
【C15】
选项 A、typified
B、systemized
C、generalized
D、justified
答案D
解析 typified代表；systemized形成体系；generalized概括；justified证明。由后文的达尔文的理论可知，达尔文的理论认为人类和社会处于不断的进步当中，这一理论能够为科学的迅速进步提供理论支撑或证明，故选D。
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